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11 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
9-1
What is cognition, and heuristic, what are the functions of concepts? |
-Cognition is the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating information.
-Concepts are mental grouping of similar objects enabling us to simplify our thinking. When an idea is a candidate to be categorized into a concepts, it is a prototype. Concepts help speed and guide our thinking. |
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9-2
What cognitive strategies assist our problem solving, and what obstacles hinder it? |
-Trial and error
-Algorithms-step by step -Heuristics- simplifying -Hindered by confirmation bias-search for information that supports our preconceptions and ignore or distort contradictory evidence -Mental set-type of fixation where we approach a problem with the mindset that worked previously. |
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9-3
What is intuition, and how can the availability, overconfidence, belief perseverance, and framing influence our decisions and judgement? |
-Intuition-fast, automatic, unreasonable feelings and thoughts.
-availability heuristic is a simplified way of making decisions and estimating a situation based on one's availability of memory; lack of information and snap judgement causing bad judgement and fear of very unlikely events. -Overconfidence-to be more confident that correct; we overestimate the accuracy of our knowledge. Can have positive effects; overconfident people are happier, make tough decisions more easily, seem more credible than others. -Belief perseverance- cling to our beliefs in the face of contrary evidence. Fuels social conflict, in the absence of considering the opposite view with objective and unbiased decision making. -Framing influence-the way an issue is presented sways decisions and judgement. Power persuasion tool that can be used for good or bad causes. Organ donor choosing, 401k, etc. |
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9-4
How do smart thinkers use intuition? |
-Smart thinkers identify the source and cause of intuition. Understand that unconscious decision making, the ability to react quickly. Check intuition against reality; question it, and train your subconscious mind with intelligence, and your intuition will follow, having more faith in your instant response.
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9-5
What do we know about animal thinking? |
-Animals display remarkable cognitive skills; categorizing, displaying insights (and foresight), using tools, transmitting cultural patterns to offspring, self awareness, etc.
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9-6
What are the structural components of language? |
-Phonemes
-Morphemes -Grammar |
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9-7
What are the milestones in language development? |
-4 months-babbles
-10 months- babbling resembling household language -12 months-One word stage -24 month-2 word stage -2 y.o. speech mostly nouns -elementary-complex sentences |
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9-8
How do we acquire language? |
-All humans are built in with predispositions to learn grammar; universal grammar. Specific grammar is culturally and geographically dependent.
-Infants have built in readiness systems to learn grammar. -Childhood is the "critical period" for mastering aspects of grammar that slowly declines until about age 7 when the ability to master any language is lost. |
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9-9
What brain areas are involved in language processing and speech? |
-Different brain areas serve different language functions.
-Left frontal lobe damage , a person struggles to speak words -Left temporal lobe; person only speaks meaningless words -The brain operates by dividing its mental functions-speaking, perceiving, thinking, remembering-into subfunctions. |
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9-10
Do other animals share our capacity for language? |
-Humans alone are capable of complex sentences.
-Animals have the ability to communicate through meaninful sequence of symbols. |
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9-11
What is the relationship between language and thinking, and what is the value of thinking in images? |
-Thinking affects our language, which then affects our thought.
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