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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is culture?
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the language, beliefs, values, norms, behaviors, and even material objects that are passed from one generation to the next
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What is material culture?
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such things as jewelry, art, buildings, weapons, machines, hairstyles and clothing
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What is nonmaterial culture?
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a group's way of thinking (beliefs and values) and doing (common patterns of behavior: language, gestures, interaction)
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What is culture shock?
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the disorientation that people experience when they come in contact with a fundamentally different culture and can no longer depend on their taken-for-granted assumptions about life
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What is ethnocentrism?
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a tendency to use our own group's ways of doing things as the yardstick for judging others
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What is cultural relativism?
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trying to understand a culture on its own terms - looking at how the elements of a culture fit together without judging those elements as superior or inferior to one's own way of life
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What is symbolic culture?
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another name for nonmaterial culture - its central component is the symbols that people use
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What are symbols?
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something to which people attach meaning and that they then use to communicate (gestures, language, values, norms, sanctions, folkways)
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What are gestures?
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using one's body to communicate with others - shorthand ways to convey messages without using words
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What is language?
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symbols that can be strung together in an infinite number of ways for the purpose of communicating abstract thought
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Our ability to speak provides us with what?
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a social past and future - language allows culture to develop
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What does the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis indicate?
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rather than objects and events forcing themselves onto our consciousness, it is our language that determines our consciousness, and hence our perception, of objects and events
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What are values?
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ideas of what is desirable in life - standards by which people define what is good and bad, beautiful and ugly
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What are norms?
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rules of behavior that develop out of a group's values
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What are sanctions?
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reactions people get for following or breaking norms
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What are positive sanctions?
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expresses approval for following norms
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What are negative sanctions?
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expresses disapproval for following norms
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What are folkways?
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norms that are not strictly enforced
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What are mores?
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norms that we think of as essential to our core values and insist on conformity
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What is a taboo?
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a norm so strongly ingrained that even the thought of its violation is greeted with revulsion
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What is a subculture?
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a world within the larger world of the dominant culture
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What is a counterculture?
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some of the group's values and norms place it at odds with the dominant culture
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What is a pluralistic society? What country is an example of one?
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made up of many different groups - United States
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What are some of the values in U.S. Society?
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achievement and success; individualism; activity and work; efficiency and practicality; science and technology; progress; material comfort; humanitarianism; freedom; democracy; equality; racism and group superiority; education; religiosity; romantic love
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What are value clusters?
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independent values that are clutered together to form a whole
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What is ideal culture?
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refers to the values, norms, and goals that a group considers ideal, worth aspiring to
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What is real culture?
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the norms and values that people actually follow
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What is technology?
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tools and the skills or procedures necessary to make and use those tools
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What is new technology?
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an emerging technology that has a significant impact on social life
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Technology does what?
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sets a framework for a group's nonmaterial culture
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What is cultural lag and who coined the term?
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not all parts of a culture change at the same pace, when some part of a culture changes, other parts lag behind - William Ogburn
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What did Ogburn point out?
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a group's material culture usually changes first, with the nonmaterial culture lagging behind
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What is cultural diffusion?
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during contacts with other groups people learn from one another, adapting some part of the other's way of life - groups are most open to a change in their technology or material culture
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What is cultural leveling?
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a process in which cultures become similar to one another
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