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73 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Anomie
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Durkheim's term for the loss of direction felt in a society when social control of individual behavior has become ineffective. (168)
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Anomie theory of deviance
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Robert Merton's theory of deviance as an adaptation of socially prescribed goals or of the means governing their attainment, or both. (168)
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Conformity
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Going along with peers- individuals of our own status who have no special right to direct our behavior. (159)
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Control theory
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A view of conformity and deviance that suggests that our connection to members of society leads us to systematically conform to society's norms. (163)
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Crime
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A violation of criminal law for which some governmental authority applies formal penalties. (173)
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Cultural transmission
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A school of criminology that argues that criminal behavior is learned through social interactions. (169)
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Deviance
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Behavior that violates the standards of conduct or expectations of a group or society. (163)
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Differential association
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A theory of deviance that holds that violation of rules results from exposure to attitudes favorable to criminal acts. (170)
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Differential justice
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Differences in the way social control is exercised over different groups. (172)
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Formal social control
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Social control that is carried out by authorized agents, such as police officers. judges, school administrators, and employers. (161)
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Index crimes
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The eight types of crime reported annually by the FBI in the Uniform Crime Reports: murder, rape, robbery, assault, burglary, theft. motor vehicle theft, and arson. (174)
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Informal social control
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Social control that is carried out casually by ordinary people through such means as laughter, smiles, and ridicule. (160)
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Labeling theory
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An approach to deviance that attempts to explain why certain people are viewed as deviants while others engaged in the same behavior are not. (171)
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Law
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Governmental social control. (161)
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Obedience
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Compliance with higher authorities in a hierarchical structure. (159)
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Organized crime
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The work of a group that regulates relations among criminal enterprises involved in illegal activities, including prostitution, gambling, and the smuggling an d sale of illegal drugs. (174)
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Professional criminal
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A person who peruses crime as a day-to-day occupation, developing skilled techniques and enjoying a certain degree of status among other criminals. (174)
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Routine activities theory
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The notion that criminal victimization increases when motivated offenders and suitable targets converge. (170)
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Sanction
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A penalty or reward for conduct concerning a social norm. (158)
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Social constructionist perspective
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An approach to deviance taht emphasizes the role of culture in the creation of the deviant identity. (171)
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Social control
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The techniques and strategies for preventing deviant human behavior in any society. (158)
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Societal-reaction approach
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Another name for labeling theory. (171)
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Stigma
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A label used to devalue members of a certain social groups. (164)
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Transnational crime
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Crime that occurs across multiple national borders. (176)
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Victimization survey
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A questionnaire or interview given to a sample of the population to determine whether people have been victims of crime. (178)
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Victimless crime
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A term used by sociologists to describe the willing exchange among adults of widely desired, but illegal, goods and services. (174)
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White-collar crime
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Illegal acts committed by affluent, "respectable" individuals in the course of business activities. (175)
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Absolute poverty
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A minimum level of subsistence that no family should be expected to live below. (197)
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Achieved status
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A social position that a person attains largely through his or her own efforts. (186)
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Ascribed status
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A social position assigned to a person by society without regard for the person's unique talents or characteristics. (186)
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Bourgeoisie
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Karl Marx's term for the capitalist class, comprising the owners of the means of production. (189)
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Capitalism
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An exonomic system in which the means of production are held largely in private hands and the main incentive for economic activity is the accumulation of profits. (189)
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Caste
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A hereditary rank, usually religiously dictated, that tends to be fixed and immobile. (187)
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Class
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A group of people who have a similar level of wealth and income. (191)
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Class consciousness
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In Karl Marx's view, a subjective awareness held by member of a class regarding their common vested interests and need for collective political action to bring about social change. (190)
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Class system
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A social ranking based primarily on economic position in which achieved characteristics can influence social mobility. (188)
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Closed system
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A social system in which there is little or no possibility of individual social mobility. (201)
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Corporate welfare
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Tax breaks, direct payments, and grants that the government makes to corporations. (204)
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Dominant ideology
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A set of cultural beliefs and practices that helps to maintain powerful social, economic, and political interests. (193)
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Estate system
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A system of stratification under which peasants were required to work land leased to them by nobles in exchange for military protection and other services. Also known as feudalism. (188)
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Esteem
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The reputation that a specific person has earned within an occupation. (194)
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False consciousness
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A term used by Karl Marx to describe an attitude held by members of a class that does not accurately reflect their objective position. (190)
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Horizontal mobility
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The movement of an individual from one social position to another of the same rank. (201)
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Income
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Salaries and wages. (186)
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Intergenerational mobility
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Changes in social position of children relative to their parents. (201)
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Intragenerational Mobility
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Changes in social position within a person's adult life
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Life Chances
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The opportunities people have to provide themselves with material goods, positive living conditions, and favorable life experiences
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Objective Method
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A technique for measuring social class that assign individuals to classes on the basis of criteria such as occupation, education, income, and place of residence.
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Open System
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A social system in which the position of each individual is influenced by his or her achieved status
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Power
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The ability to exercise one's willover others
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Prestige
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The respect and admiration that an occupation holds in a society.
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Proletariat
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Karl Marx's term for the working class in a capatialist society.
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Relative Poverty
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A floating standard of deprivation by which people at the bottom of a society, whatever their lifestyles, are judged to be disadvantaged in comparison with the nation as a whole.
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Slavery
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A system of enforced servitude in which some people are owned by other people.
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Social Inequality
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A condition in which members of a society have different amounts of wealth, prestige, or power.
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Social Mobility
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Movements of individuals or groups from one position in a society's stratification system to another.
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Status Group
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People who have the same prestige or lifestyle, independent of their class positions.
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Stratification
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A structured ranking of entire groups of people that prepetuates unequal rewards and power in a society.
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Underclass
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The long-term poor who lack training and skills.
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Vertical Mobility
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The movement of an individual form one social position to another of a different rank.
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Wealth
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An inclusive term encompassing all a person's material assets, including land, stocks, and other types of property.
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Borderlands
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The area of common culture along the border between Mexico and the United States.
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Colonialism
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The maintenance fo political, social, economic, and culture dominance over poeple by a foreign power for an extended period.
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Dependency Theory
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An approach that contends that industrialized nations continue to exploit developing countries for their own gain.
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Globalization
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The worldwide integration of government policies, cultures, social movements, and finacial markets through trade and the exchange of ideas.
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Gross National Product (GNP)
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The value of the nation's goods and services.
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Human Rights
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Universal moral rights possessed by all people because they are human.
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Modernization
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The far-reaching process by which periphery nations move from traditional or less develpoed institutions to those characteristic of more developed socities.
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Modernization Theory
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A functionalist approach that proposes that modernization and development will gradually improve the lives of people in developing nations.
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Multinational Corporation
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A commercial organization that is headquartered in one country but does business throughout the world.
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Neocolonialism
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Continuing depence of former colonies on foreign countries.
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Remittances
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The monies that immigrants return to their families orgin. Also called migradollars
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World Systems Analysis
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A view of the global economic system as one divided between certain industrialization nations that control wealth and developing countries that are exploited.
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