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28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Norms
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definite principles or rules people are expected to observe.
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Deviance
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nonconformity to a given set of norms that are accepted by a significant number of people in a community or society.
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Deviant subcultures
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Heaven's gate cult, survives within a wider society, supporting themselves by running a web site business and recruiting new members through e-mail about their beliefs.
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Sanction
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Social norms accompanied by sanctions that promote conformity. Makes sure others comply with norms.
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Laws
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norms defined by governments as principles that their citizens must follow.
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Crimes
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types of behavior that breaks law
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Psychopaths
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withdrawn, emotionless characters who delight in violence for its own sake.
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Anomie
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Emile Durkheim: suggested that in modern societies traditional norms and standards become undermined w/o being replaced by new ones. People feel disorientated and anxious, therefore influences society.
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Differential association
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Sutherland: Society contains a variety of subcultures. Individuals become delinquent through associating with people who are the carriers of criminal norms. Criminal behavior is learned from peer groups.
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Labeling Theory
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Becker: studies of marijuana use was a marginal activity carried on by subcultures rather then lifestyle choice. Becoming a marijuana smoker depends on one's acceptance into the subculture.
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Primary Deviation
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Lemert: Initial act of transgression
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Secondary deviation
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Lemert: When individuals come to accept deviant labels and consider themselves as criminals. We think of ourselves as how others see us.
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Conflict Theory:
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draws on elements of Marxist thought. Individuals actively engage in deviant behavior in response to inequalities of the capitalist system.
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New Criminology
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frame their analysis of crime and deviance in terms of the structure of society and the preservation of power among the ruling class. Laws are tools used by the powerful to maintain their own positions.
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Control Theory
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crime occurs as a result of an imbalance b/w criminal activity and the social or physical controls that deter it.
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"Broken Windows" Theory
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Broken car windows= no one cares. Small crime eventually leads to big crimes.
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Victims and Perpetrators of Crime
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young people and men more likely to commit crimes. Becoming a victim of crime depends on area. Areas suffering from material deprivation, and ethnic minorities appear a factor in victimization.
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White collar crime
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Sutherland: crime by people in affluent sectors of society.
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Corporate Crime
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offenses committed by large corporations in society. More lives are touched and influenced.
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Organized Crime
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refers to forms of activity that have some of the characteristics of orthodox business but that are illegal:illegal gambling , drug dealing, prostitution.
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Cybercrime
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Internet based fraud. Fasted growing crime in US.
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Mark of Criminal Record
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Pager: long term consequences: experiment: job applications. white over blacks, non convicts over convicts. white convicts or black nonconvicts.
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"Situational" Crime Prevention
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Reassure citizens by giving the impression that decisive action against crime is being taken.
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Physical exclusion:
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public spaces in society are increasingly being transformed into security bubbles.
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Policing techniques
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reassuring for the public. Policing is less controlling of crime and more about detecting and managing risk to other institutions in society.
-Provincial motor registry -automobile industry -insurance companies -public health systems -Criminal courts -Police administration |
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Community Policing
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implies not only drawing in citizens themselves, but changing the characteristic outlook of police forces.
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Shaming
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a form of punishing criminal and deviant behavior that attempt to maintain the ties of the offender to the community- alternative to incarceration. The fear of being shamed within one's community.
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Prison's aren't the answer
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Americans pro capital punishment, pro jail time. America most prisoners. spends $35 billion annually. Does not stop crime but creates more hardened criminals.
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