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44 Cards in this Set
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- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
Intervertebral Disk Disease (IVDD)
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• Chondroid degeneration
o Chondrodystrophoid o Young dogs • Fibroid degeneration o Non-chondrodystrophoid o Old dogs • Extrusion vs Protrusion |
• Narrowed/wedged intervertebral disk space
• Reduced size/ increased opacity of the intervertebral foramen • Narrowed articular process space |
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Spondylosis Deformans
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• Incidental finding- BORING
- degenerative change of older animals |
• Collar of new bone forming around the intervertebral disk
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Cervical Spondylomyelopathy
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• Compression of spinal cord and/or spinal nerves
• 2 forms: o Doberman • Disk protrusion • Ligamentous hypertrophy • Most common C5-6 or C6-7 o Great Dane, other giant breeds • Articular process enlargement • Joint capsule thickening • Disk herniation • Ligamentous hypertrophy • Throughout cervical vertebral column |
• Narrowed or wedged disk space
• Vertebral malalignment/ subluxation • Vertebral shape change- bone remodeling • Decreased height of vertebral canal • Giant breeds- enlarged articular processes |
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Lumbosacral Disease
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• Large breed dogs, especially German Shepherds
• IVDD L7-S1 • DJD of articular process joints • Vertebral canal stenosis • Instability • Pain, weakness, urinary and fecal incontinence, paraparesis, tail weakness- compression of cauda equine |
• Narrowed/wedged disk space
• Vertebral malalignment • Decreased height of vertebral canal • Spondylosis deformans • Articular process osteophytosis • Excessive movement on dynamic images |
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Diskospondylitis
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• Infectious process affecting intervertebral disk and adjacent vertebral endplates
• Hematogenous infections- Staph and E. coli; Brucella canis |
• HALLMARK: endplate lysis
• New bone production • Sclerosis • Disk space narrowing • More than one site • 3-4 weeks to become visible on radiograph |
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Ventral Vertebral Periosteal Reaction
“Spondylitis” |
• Neoplasia- carcinoma metastasis
• Inflammatory- Spirocerca lupi |
• Proliferative new bone on ventral aspect of vertebra- NOT centered on disk space
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Atlantoaxial Instability
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• Miniature breeds
• Show signs before 1 yr old o Neck pain o UMN signs to all limbs o Worse when neck flexed • Causes: o Congenital ligament deficiency o Congenital hypoplasia, agenesis, or non-union of dens o Traumatic injury • Spinous process of C2 should overlap C1 |
• Increased distance between spinous process of C2 and dorsal arch of C1
• Malalignment of C1 and C2 • Absent, misshapen, or separated dens |
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Vertebral Neoplasia
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• Osteosarcoma
• Multiple myeloma |
• Lytic lesions
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Vertebral Trauma
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• Describe in reference to cranial vertebra
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• Discontinuous cortices
• Bone fragments • Compression fractures (short vertebrae) • Vertebral canal malalignment • Disk space narrowing/widening • Other evidence of trauma in body |
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Block Vertebrae
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• Congenital union of two vertebrae
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• Union of 2 vertebrae
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Hemivertebrae
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• Most common vertebral anomaly in brachycephalic breeds
• Leads to curvature of spine: o Kyphosis- dorsal deviation o Lordosis- ventral deviation o Scoliosis- lateral deviation • Butterfly vertebrae- one classification |
• Abnormally shaped vertebra (small and wedge shaped)
• Curvature of spine • Mid-line defect throughout length of vertebrae in butterfly vertebrae |
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Spina Bifida
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• Incomplete formation of dorsal lamina
• Often incidental |
• Double spinous process
• Lack of spinous process |
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Transitional Vertebrae
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• Malformed vertebra assumes characteristics of both adjacent regions
• Typically incidental |
• Extra ribs
• Lack of ribs • Disk space between S1 and S2 |
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anatomical considerations:
large transverse processes of C6 |
C2-3, C7-T1, T10-T11 normally narrowed disk spaces
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transverse process overlaps the disk space
summation |
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Anatomical Considerations:
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accessory process overlay the intervertebral foramen
-extend caudally from pedicle |
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intervertebral disk extrusion
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degeneration
complete tear of annulus translation of degenerate nucleus into vertebral canal |
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intervertebral disk protrustion
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degeneration
partial tear of annulus translation of degenerate nucleus into space occupied by annulus |
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IVDD
narrowed joint space - decreased size of intervertebral foramen, wedged narrowed disk space |
increased opacity of intervertebral foramen
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IVDD - narrowed articular process joint space
- wedged intervertebral disk space |
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spondylosis deformans
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Cervical Spondylomyelopathy
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dorsal
-ligementum flavum hypertrophy -vertebral arch malformation lateral -articular process enlargement -joint capsule thickening ventral -disk herniation -dorsal longitudinal ligament hypertrophy |
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CSM - narrowed disk space
-vertebral malalignment |
vertebral malalignment
decreased height of canal vertebral shape change |
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CSM - Great Dane
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csm - great dane
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lumbosacral disease
MRI |
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diskospondylitis
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diskospondyltitis
lytic and sclerotic endplates |
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A B
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A) Spondylosis deformans (centered on disk space - incidental)
B) ventral vertebral periosteal reaction (aggressive lesion, not centered on disk spaces - infection or tumor) |
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carcinoma mets to lumbar vertebrae
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Atlantoaxial joint:
anatomical considerations spinous process of C2 overlap C1 dorsal atlantoaxial ligament * |
normal dens vs hypoplastic dens
normal dens vs agenesis of dens |
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increased distance between spinous process of C2 and dorsal arch of C1
malalignment of C1 and C2 absent,misshapen, seperated dens |
A B
normal atlantoaxial instability |
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osteosarcoma
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sacral and ilial sarcoma
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L6-7 fracture/luxation
L7 ventrally displaced - disk space obliterated deviated vertebral canal separation of L7 lamina from body small chip fracture |
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t12 compression fracture
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block vertebrae
absence of disk space congenital or diskospondylitis |
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hemivertebrae
one is shorter than the others |
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kyphosis
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dorsal deviation of the spine
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lordosis
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ventral deviation of the spine
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scoliosis
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lateral deviation of the spine
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kyphosis
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butterfly vertebrae
midline defect throughout length of vertebrae |
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spina bifida
incomplete formation of dorsal lamina common in screw tail dogs and manx cats double spinous process or lack of spinous process often incidental |
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2 transitional vertebrae
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