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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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4 CAUSES OF POOR LISTENING |
1. Not concentrating 2. Listening too hard 3. Jumping to conclusions 4. Focusing on personal appearance |
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5 Advantages of Extemporaneous Speaking |
1. Can develop eye contact 2. use body dynamics and gestures 3. promotes oral/spontaneous delivery style 4. more conversational 5. allows the speaker a better opportunity to adjust/adapt to the listener |
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5 Disadvantages of Extemporaneous Speaking |
1. tend to use less precise language 2. hard to observe time limits 3. say things you didn't intend to say 4. false sense of security 5. jerky, non-fluent speaking style |
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5 Components of Ethos |
1. Competence* 2. trustworthiness 3. similarity of attitudes 4. attractiveness 5. sincerity |
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Corax |
ORGANIZATION
Probable Truth
bad puns-- the crow
4 part pattern for forensic: intro, narrative, argument, conclusion
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Gorgias |
STYLE
Skeptic-- the Divine
two parts of debate (one must be true)
create our own reality. truth is divine |
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Protagoras |
Father of DEBATE
HUMANISM
all truths can be refuted |
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Thrasymachus |
PERSONAL POWER- enhanced by rhetoric
more on style
TROPE (ex: metaphor) |
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Isocrates |
PROFESSOR
started university
speech = leaders |
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3 Forms of Rhetorical Expression |
FORENSIC- legal
DELIBERATIVE- public policy
EPIDEICTIC/CEREMONIAL- celebrate occasions |
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3 Proofs of Rhetoric |
LOGOS- substantial proof/factual evidence
PATHOS- appeal to emotion/feeling
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5 Canons of Rhetoric |
1. INVENTIO- inventing argument 2. DISPOSITO- arrangement/organization 3. ELECUTIO- style 4. PRONUNTIATIO- delivery, articulation 5. MEMORIA- remember things for speeches |
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Tests of Significance |
1. Scope- national, affects everyone 2. Magnitude- severity/seriousness 3. Social Significance- ripple effect 4. Traditional- history 5. Moral Imperative- apply consistently |
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Types of Plagarism |
GLOBAL
PATCHWORK
INCREMENTAL |
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Types of Evidence |
Expert Testimony
Public Opinion
Layperson Testimony
Prestige Testimony |
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7 Elements of a Speech |
1. Speaker 2. Message 3. Channel 4. Listener 5. Feedback 6. Interference 7. Situation |
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How to deal with nervousness |
Cognitive Restructuring Visualize Success Act Confident Practice x10000
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3 Types of Interference |
Environmental
Speaker Caused
Listener Caused |
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Similarities of Public Speaking and Conversation |
You organize your thoughts logically you tailor your message to your audience you tell story for maximum impact you adapt to listener feedback |
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Difference of Public Speaking and Conversation |
Public speaking is more highly structured and uses more formal language different method of delivery |
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6 Types of Listening |
1. Appreciative- for pleasure 2. Discriminative- response to sound 3. Empathetic - to be nice 4. Comprehensive- to understand message 5. Critical- to evaluate message 6. Constructive- to offer feedback |
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Situational Audience Analysis |
size of audience physical setting disposition towards topic (interest, knowledge, and attitude) disposition towards speaker disposition towards occasion
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Demographic Audience Analysis |
age gender race/ethnicity religion sexual orientation group membership cultural background *avoid stereotyping |
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4 R's of Evidence |
Recency
Reliability
Representative
Relevance |
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3 Ways to Design you Speech |
Categorical Cause and Effect Narrative |
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3 Principles of Arrangement |
Principle of Proximity - sequential design - spatial design Principle of Similarity - categorical Principle of Closure - complete patterns -give solution |
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3 Principles of Good Form |
Simplicity- limit main points, keep it direct
Symmetry- proper balance of point development
Orderliness- consistent pattern |
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Good Introduction should.. |
capture attention of listener
lead directly into thesis statement/main idea
create a good first impression, establish ethos |
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A good conclusion should.. |
revisit the central idea/summarize main points
have a sense of finality
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4 Effects of Good Organization on the Listener |
increases comprehension of message
increase ethos of speaker
increase probability for attitude change of listener
lowers listener's frustration level |
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3 Effects of Signposting |
provides a roadmap for audience to follow
increases retention of ideas
increases comprehension of ideas |
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two types of statistics |
descriptive- size and distribution
inferential- predictions of causal relationships |
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4 types of examples |
brief
extended
factual
hypothetical |
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Citing Sources |
Name of Source
Qualifications
Publication
Date of Publication |
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4 Ways to grab attention in introduction |
pose a question
tell a story
make a startling statement
open with a quotation |
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Exigency
kairos
to prepon |
URGENCY
window of opportunity, timeliness
appropriateness of argument- aim it at right audience to be successful |
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Stock Issues Analysis (5) |
1. Need for Change/Ill Harm - loss of life - loss of quality of life - loss of $ - loft of rights, opportunities, freedoms 2. Inherency/Blame -structural -attitudinal 3. Cure/solvency - administration of program -mandates/laws -enforcement mechanism - cost analysis 4. advantage/disadvantage 5. refutation |
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Defense Mechanisms |
1. selective perception 2. selective exposure 3. selective recall 4. rationalization |
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4 Guidelines for making a central idea |
1. in a full sentence 2. should not be a question 3. should avoid figurative language 4. should not be overly general |
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3 questions on audience survey |
fixed alternative questions- 2 or more
scale questions
open ended questions |
