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42 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
the mental process by which information is encoded and stored in the brain, and later retieved
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memory
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a memory model concerning the sequential processing and use of information, involving encoding, storage, and retrieval
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information-processing model
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the first memory process, in which information is organized and transformed so that it can be entered into memory
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encoding
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the second memory process, in which information is entered and maintained in memory for a period of time
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storage
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the third memory process, which involves recovering stored information from memory so that it can be used
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retrieval
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the increased memory for the first bits of information presented in a string of information
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primacy effect
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the increased memory for the last bits of information presented in a string of information
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recency effect
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a durable memory system that has an immense capacity for informaation storage
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long-term memory
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a limited-capacity memory system where we actively "work" with information
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short-term memory
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a memory system that very briefly stores the sensory characteristics of a stimulus
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sensory memory
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the termused to describe short-term memory as an active memory system that contains a "central executive" processor and two subsystems for temporarily storing auditory and visual-spatial input
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working memory
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organizing items of information into a meaningful unit, or chunk, that can be stored in short-term memory
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chunking
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the process of repetitively verbalizing or thinking about information to either extend the usual 18-second duration of short-term memory or transfer the rehearsed information to long-term memory
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maintenance rehearsal
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rehearsal taht involves thinking about how new information relates to information already stored in long-term memory
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elaborative rehearsal
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memory for factual information acquired at a specific time and place
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episodic memory
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memory for general knowledge about the world that is not associated with a time and place when the information was learned
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semantic memory
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memory of how to perform skilled motor activities
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procedural memory
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a theory tah desccribes concepts in long-term memory organized in a complex network of associations
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semantic network model
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models of memory in which a large network of interconnected neurons, or processing units, distributed throughout the brain simultaneously work on differend memory tasks
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parallel distributed processing models
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memory of previous experiences that one can consciously recollect
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explicit memory
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a measure of explicit memory in which a person must retrieve and reproduce information from memory
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recall
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a measure of explicit memory in which a person need only decide whether or not something has been previously encountered
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recognition
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memory of previous experiences without conscious recollection
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implicit memory
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a method of activating implicit memories in which a recently presented bit of information facilitates- or "primes"- responses in a subsequent situation
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priming
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a stimulus that allows us to more easily recall information from long-term memory
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retrieval cue
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the temporary inability to remember something you know, accompanied by the feeling that it is just beyond your conscious state
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tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
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a memory illusion in which people feel a sense of familiarity in a situation that they know they have never encountered before
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deja vu
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a memory illusion in which people believe that some work they have do ne is a novel creation, when, in fact, it is not original
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cryptomnesia
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the tendency for retrieval from memory being better when our state of mind during retrieval matches our state during encoding
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state-dependent memory
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a retrieval rule stating that retrieving information from long-term memory is most likely when the conditions at retrieval closely match the conditions present during the original learning
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encoding specificity principle
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the inability to remember events that occurred during the early part of life (usually, before the age of 3)
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infantile amnesia
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detailed and vivid memories of surprising and emotion-provoking events
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flashbulb memories
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distortions and alterations in witnesses' memories due to them receiving misleading information during questioning
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misinformation effects
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forgetting de to the passage of time
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decay
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forgetting due to interference from newly learned information
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retroactive interference
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forgetting due to interference from previously learned information
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proactive interference
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forgetting due to a desire to eliminate awareness of some unpleasant or disturbing memory
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motivated forgetting
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motivated forgetting that occurs consciously
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suppression
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the long-lasting strengthening of synaptic transmission along a specific neural circuit, which is believed to be the neural basis for long-term memory
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long-term potentiation
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the inability to form long-term memories due to physical injury to the brain
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anterograde amnesia
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the loss of information previously stored in long-term memory due to physical injury to the brain
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retrograde amnesia
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strategies to make it easier to encode, store, and/or retrieve information
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mnemonics
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