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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Norms
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learned social rules
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Descriptive social norms
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how others are actually behaving
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Injunctive social norms
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What is/is not acceptable
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Norms help us...
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establish + maintain social order
(but mindlessly following them can be a problem - KKK) |
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Autokinetic effect
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with no stable reference point, dot moves (Sherif experiment - participants converge to one common result, effect of informational influence)
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Conformity
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A change in behavior/beliefs to agree with others (actual belief within individual)
Can be percieved or real influence |
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Informational influence
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Conformity from accepting evidence provided by other people
Motivated by desire to be accurate Look to others in ambiguous situations Asch experiment with lines |
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Normative influence
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Conformity based on a desire to fulfill others expectations
Motivated by desire to be accepted (PC w/o PA) |
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Public compliance
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conforming w/o actually believing in group
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Private acceptance
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Conforming out of genuine belief other is correct
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When do people conform
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1) Group size
2) Unanimity (even 1 dissenter decreases conformity a lot) 3) Cohesion (+cohesion = +conformity) 4) Status (high status = + conformity) 5) Conform more when responding publicly 6) Public commitment to own position decreases conformity |
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For ambiguous situations
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+ importance = + conformity
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+ crisis =
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+ conformity
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+ ambiguity =
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+ conformity
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contagion
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Rapid spread of emotion/behavior through crowds
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Mass psychogenic influence
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Similar physical symptoms, no known physical cause in group of people (1998 school/gasoline case)
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Reaction to rebelling
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Withdrawing person, try to get them to come back to fold
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(Public) compliance
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Yielding to request even if you personally disagree
1) Foot in door, door in dace, lowballing 2) Reciprocation 3) Request in mail w/token gift |
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Principle of social proof
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We determine what's correct by looking to others
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Scarcity
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Things you cannot/do not have become more valuable
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Obedience
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Change in behavior or beliefs as a result of hte commands of AUTHORITY
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Milgram experiment
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Proved that situation mattered
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Why did the millgram experiment happen the way it did?
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1) Informational (confusing/upsetting situation) + normative influence (statements from experimenter)
2) Responsibility + Self justification 3) Procedural details - gradual increase Fast paced, loss of personal responsibility |
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Factors that decrease obedience
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Less prestige/status of experimenter + institutional authority (not YALE)
Proximity of victim Presence of others who disobey - nonfoncorming ally |
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Resisting social pressure
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1) Reactance
2) Assering uniquness 3) Minority influence |
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Reactance
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A motive to protect/restore one's sense of freedom (When someone threatens freedom of action)
EX: Labels of objectionable content/parental advisory |
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Asserting uniqueness
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People want to be somewhat different from others
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Minority influence
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Makes majority think more about minority position, minority members may think more about issue
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Minority persuasive when:
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1) Consistency
2) Not overly dogmatic (flexibility) 3) Self confidence 4) Once part of majority -> provides informational social influence/facts about defects of majority |
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Normative influence + Women's body image
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Explains attempts of women to create that body type (pressure to look a certain way, annorexia, disorders)
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Informational social influence + Women's body image
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Mechanism by which women learn what body type is attractive in their culture/time period
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Body type/culture
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Depends on food supply! Plenty, ideal = thin, not enough = fat
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Male body image
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More recent!
GI Joe Study: appeal of muscular images, negativity, dissatisfaction. More valued thin women. |
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When do people conform to normative influence
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1) Strength/how important group is to you
2) Immediacy/ how close they are in space/time 3) Number (3+ in group best) 4) 1 ally = Less conformity 5) Group culture (cohesiveness/collectivist) |
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idiosyncrasy credits
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can deviate sometimes w/ no consequence, is earned over time by conforming (like a bank)
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Boomerang effect
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EX: Study w/ alcohol in college if they drink less than average, they start to drink more when presented with avg
FIX BY: invoke injunctive norm for those below average |
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Griciean maxims
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??? common communication rules
Newer study: spoken info is helpful (veg. oil study) |
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Broken windows theory
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Maintaining environments in a well ordered condition may stop further vandalism/escalation into more serious crime
BECAUSE you see that injunctive role is violated, shows you that it's ok, more likely for others to do it Graffiti studies |