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44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
an organized cluster of knowledge that people use to understand and interpret information
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schema
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the process of absorbing new information into existing schemas
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assimilation
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the process of changing existing schemas in order to absorb new information
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accommodation
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the first stage in Piaget's theory of cognitive development (birth to age 2) in which infants develop the ability to coordinate their sensory input with their motor actions
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sensorimotor stage
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an awaremess an understanding of one's own cognitive processes
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metacognition
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the realization that an object continues to exist even if you can't see it or touch it
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object permanence
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the first menstrual period
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menarche
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overt language that is not directed to others but, rather, is self-directed
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private speech
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the second stage in Piaget's theory of cognitive development (ages 2 to 7), marked by the full emergence of representational thought
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preoperational stage
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a process of cognition in which people absorb knowledge from their social surroundings
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internalization
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the tendency to view the world from one's own perspective without recognizing that others may have different points of view
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egocentrism
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the understanding that certain physical properties of an ovject remain unchanged despite superficial changes in its apperance
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conservation
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the third stage in Piaget's theory of cognitive development (ages 7 to 11), a time in which children can perform mental operations on tangible objects or events and gradually engage in logical reasoning
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concrete operational stage
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the nonreproductive physical features that distinguish the two sexes from one another
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secondary sex characteristics
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the nonreproductive physical features that distinguish the two sexes from one another
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secondary sex characteristics
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the fourth and final stage in Piaget's theory of cognitive development (ages 11 or beyond), during which a person is able to reason abstractly and make predictions about hypothetical situations
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formal operational stage
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a theory of other people's mental states - their beliefs, feelings, and desires - that allows them to predict how these people will behave in specific situations
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theory of mind
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the cognitive range between what a child can do on her or his own and what the child can do with the help of adults or more-skilled children
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zone of proximal development (ZPD)
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the first level of maral reasoning in Kohlberg's theory of moral development, chatacterized by avoiding punishment and seeking rewards
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preconventional morality
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adolescents' belief that their thoughts, feelings, and behavior are constantly being focused on by other people
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imaginary audience
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the second level of maral reasoning in Kohlberg's theory of maral development, characterized by conforming to societal norms and laws
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conventional morality
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the third and final level of moral reasoning in Kohlberg's theory of moral development, characterized by making moral judgments based on abstract universal principles
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postconventional morality
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the transitions period between childhood and adulthood
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adolescence
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the growth period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing
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puberty
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the body organs that make sexual reproduction possible
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primary sex characteristics
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the tendency for adolescents to believe that their experiences and feelings are unique
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personal fable
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the progressive deterioration of the body that culminates in death
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aging
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the ending of menstruation
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menopause
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the systematic physical, cognitive, and social changes in the individual occurrig between conception and death
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development
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the many changes that transform a fertilized egg into a newborn baby
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prenatal development
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the first two weeks of prenatal development, from conception until the zygote implants itself in the wall of the uterus
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zygote stage
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the second stage of prenatal development that lasts from the third week through the eighth week of pregnancy
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embryonic stage
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the last and longest stage in prenatal development that extends from the ninth week after conception until birth
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fetal stage
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and disease, drug, or other noxious agent that causes abnormal prenatal development
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teratogen
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physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by pregnant women consuming large quantities of alcohol
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fetal alcohol syndrome
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the strong emotional bond a young child forms with its primary caregiver
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attachment
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the fear and distress that infants display when separated from their primary caregiver
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separation anxiety
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the fear and distress that infants often display when approached by an unfamiliar person
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stranger anxiety
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research in which the same people are restudied and retested over time
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longitudinal study
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the "theory" or "story" that a person constructs about herself or himself through social interaction
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self-concept
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a psychological state where you take yourself as an object of attention
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self-awareness
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a person's evaluation of his or her self-concept
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self-esteem
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the knowledge that one is a male or a female and the internalization of this fact into one's self-concept
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gender identity
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a person's sense of personal identification with a particular ethnic group
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ethnic identity
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