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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Cognition |
The way in which information is processed and manipulated in remembering, thinking, and knowing. |
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Thinking |
The process of manipulating information mentally by forming concepts, solving problems, making decisions, and reflecting critically or creatively. |
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Concept |
A mental category that is used to group objects, events, and characteristics. |
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Prototype model |
A model emphasizing that when people evaluate whether a given item reflects a certain concept, they compare the item with the most typical item(s) in that category and look for a "family resemblance" with that items properties |
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Problem solving |
The mental process of finding an appropriate way to attain a goal when the goal is not readily available. |
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Subgoals |
Intermediate goals or problems to solve that put one in a better position for reaching a final goal or solution |
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Algorithms |
Strategies- including formulas, instructions, and the testing of all possible solutions- that guarantee a solution to a problem |
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Heuristics |
shortcut strategies or guidelines that suggest a solution to a problem but do not guarantee an answer |
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Functional fixedness |
Failing to solve a problem as a result of fixation on a things usual functions. |
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Reasoning |
The mental activity of transforming information to reach conclusions |
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Inductive reasoning |
Reasoning from specific observations to make generalizations |
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Deductive reasoning |
Reasoning from a general case that is known to be true to a specific instance |
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Decision making |
The mental activity of evaluating alternatives and choosing among them |
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Confirmation bias |
The tendency to search for and use information that supports one's ideas rather than refutes them. |
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Hindsight bias |
The tendency to report falsely,after the fact, that one has accurately predicted an outcome |
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Availability heuristic |
A prediction about the probability of an event based on the ease of recalling or imagining similar events. |
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Representative heuristic |
The tendency to make judgements about group membership based on physical appearances our the match between a person and ones stereotype of a group rather than on available base rate information |
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Mindfulness |
The state of being alert and mentally present for ones everyday activities |
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Open mindedness |
The state of being receptive to other ways of looking at things |
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Creativity |
The ability to think about something in novel and unusual ways and to devise unconventional solutions to problems |
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Divergent thinking |
Thinking that produces many solutions to the same problem |
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Convergent thinking |
Thinking that produces the single best solution to a problem |
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Intelligence |
All-purpose ability to do well on cognitive tasks, to solve problems, and to learn from experience |
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Validity |
The soundness of the conclusions that a researcher draws from an experiment. In the realm of testing, the extent to which a test measures what it is intended to measure. |
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Reliability |
The extent to which a test yields a consistent, reproducible measure of performance. |
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Mental age (ma) |
An individual's level of mental development relative to that if others |
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Intelligence quotient ( iq) |
An individual's mental age divided by chronological age multiplied by 100 |
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Culture fair test |
Intelligence tests that are intended to be culturally unbiased |
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Heritability |
The proportion of observable differences in a group that can be explainedby differences in the genes of the group's members. |
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Intellectual disability |
A condition of limited mental ability in which an individual has a low iq, usually below 70 on a traditional intelligence test, and has difficulty adapting to everyday life. |
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Triachic Theory of Intelligence |
Sternbergs theory that intelligence comes in three forms: analytical, creative, and practical. |
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Gardner's Theory of Intelligence |
9 types of intelligence; verbal, mathematical, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, musical, interpersonal, naturalist, and existential |
