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75 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Diffusion is caused by-
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random molecular motion
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Osmosis is caused by-
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diffusion of water (solvent) across a membrane
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Filtration is determined by-
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hydostatic pressure
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In diffusion, kinetic energy can be increased by-
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increasing the temperature
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In diffusion, the number of collision can be increased by (without kinetic energy)-
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-increasing the permeability of the membrane
-increasing the surface area of a membrane -increasing the magnitude of the concentration gradient |
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Increase blood pressure can affect the delivery of nutrients to body cells because
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it can lead to damaging or bursting of the capillaries
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_ is the process most affected by the thickening of the basement membranes of some capillaries
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Filtration
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Equilibrium is
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when the concentrations of solutes are the same in the solution
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Nutrients reach cells from the
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blood plasma
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From plasma, nutrients and fluids are _ through _ to reach tissue fluid
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filtered
capillary wall |
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Nutrients then _ from the tissue fluid to the _
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diffuse
cell membranes |
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_ is the major process that moves fluid and solutes out the plasma and into the tissue fluid
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filtration
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Filtration occurs because of a _ difference on two sides of the capillary wall
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hydrostatic (fluid) pressure
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The rates of _ and _ affect the number of molecules entering the tissue fluid and reaching cells
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filtration
diffusion |
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Homeostasis is
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a relatively constant internal environment
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Homeostasis is maintained by by
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cells
tissues organs |
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A set point is
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internal constancy is maintained within, sensors detect deviations from a set point
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A normal range is
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a range of measurements that includes most healthy people
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_ is a technique that allows the determination of a solute concentration in a solution
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Spectrophotometry
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The basis of spectrophotometry is
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Beer's Law
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Beer's Law states
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that the concentration of a solute in a solution is directly proporsional to the amount of light absorbed by that solution
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Equipment that measures the light absorbance of a solution
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Spechtrophotometer
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The concentration of solute in a solution such as plasma can be detemined by comparing its absorbance to that of several
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standard solutions
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Standard curve is
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light absorbance and concentrations of several standard solutions graphed
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When carbs are consumed, _ is the primary product
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glucose
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_ and _ take in extra glucose and store it as _
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Skeletal muscle cells
liver cells glycogen |
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When glucose concentration rises, the _ secretes _ to decrease the blood glucose concentration
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pancreas
insulin |
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When blood glucose concentration falls below normal, _ secretes the hormone _
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pancreas
glucagon |
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_ stimulates the breakdown of _ into _ and the release of _ into blood
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Glucagon
glycogen glucose glucose |
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Diabetes mellitus can be caused by
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inadequate insulin secretion or utilization
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Plasma proteins are found in
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blood plasma
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Most plasma proteins are synthesized by
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living cells and secreted into plsma
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Proteins are grouped into
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-Albumins
-Globulins -Fibrinogen |
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Albumins functions
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transport other chemical substances in the blood
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Globulins functions
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-transport other chemicals in the blood
-participate in blood clotting -act as antibodies in the body's defense against infections - |
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fibrinogen function
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blood clotting process
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The high concentration of _ in plasma attracts and holds water in the plasma
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protein
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A low plasma concentration can be caused by
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-liver disease
-kidney disease |
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Liver disease causes
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a decrease in plasma protein synthesis
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Kidney disease causes
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a loss of proteins into urine
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The result of low plasma protein concentration is
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decreased blood osmolarity and increase in water moving into the tissue fluid
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A high plasma protein concentration can be caused by
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dehydration
various infections |
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Dehydration causes
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loss of water
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Infections causes
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increase in globulins
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A high plasma protein concentration results in
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increased blood osmolarity and movement of more ware intro plasma
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Normal range in blood glucose concentrations
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70-110 mg/dl
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Normal range in plasma protein concentration
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6.0-8.4 g/dl
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How does molecular weight affect the rate of diffusion
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Heavier molecules move slower than smaller particles
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How does the rate of diffusion change as the distance diffused increased?
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The rate of diffusion slowed as the distance increases
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Why does the rate of diffusion change as the distance diffused increases?
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The concentration gradient changes as it diffuses away from the molecule
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Chemical used to determine the presence of protein
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Biuret test
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Chemical used to determine the presence of glucose
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Benedict's test
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The biuret test will appear _ if proteins are present
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lavender
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The biuret test will apear _ if there is no protein
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light blue
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The benedict's test will appear _ if there is glucose present
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green or orange
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The benedict's test will appear _ if there is no glucose present
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blue
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_ compounds readily diffuse through cell membrane
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-non-polar (hydrophobic)
-uncharged molecules (CO2 & H20) |
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Osmosis is
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diffusion of H20
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Rate of diffusion depends on
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-magnitude of concentration gradient, creatres driving force
-permeability of membrane -temperature -surface area of membrane |
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diluted solutions contain
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more H20 (solvent)
less solute |
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concentrated solutions contain
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less H20 (solvent)
more solute |
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hydrostatic pressure ~ _ mm Hg at arteriolar end of systemic capillaries and ~_ mm Hg at the venular and of capillaries
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37
17 |
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hydrostatic pressure in capillaries (_ mm Hg) – hydrostatic pressure in ECF (_mm Hg)
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17-37
1 |
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Colloid osmotic pressure in capillaries (_ mm Hg) - Colloid osmotic pressure in tissue fluid (_ mm Hg)
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25
0 |
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_ pressure is determined by colloid osmotic pressure
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Oncotic
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Edema is
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excessive accumulation of tissue fluid
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What maintains proper ECF levels?
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normal filtration
osmotic reuptake lympthatic drainage |
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Edema can result from
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-high arterial blood pressure
-Venous obstruction -leakage of plasma proteins into ECF -Myxedema -decreased plasma protein levels -obstruction of lymphatic drainage |
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high arterial blood pressure
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increase capillary pressure results in excessive filtration
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venous obstruction
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produces congestive increase in capillary pressure
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leakage of plasma proteins into ECF
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causes a drop in osmotic flow into capillaries
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Myxedema
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excess production of glycoproteins (mucin) in extracellular matric from hypothroidism
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decreased plasma protein levels
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resulting from liver or kidney disease
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obsctruction of lymphatic drainage
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caused by elephantiasis
(filariasis=parasitic nematode) |
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Tissue fluid can become hypertonic by
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-dehydration-
high blood pressure (bursting of capillaries=protein plasma in tissue fluid) |