Anatomy And Physiology Lab Exam 1

Front 1

Gross Anatomy

Back 1

Study of the body structures visible to the naked eye

Front 2

Anatomical Position

Back 2

Body erect, with feet slighty apart, head and toes forward, arms at side with palms facing forward.

Front 3

Axial

Back 3

Relating to head, neck, and trunk; the axis of the body

Front 4

Appendicular

Back 4

Relating to limbs and their attachments to the axis.

Front 5

Abdominal

Back 5

Pertaining to the anterior body trunk region.

Front 6

Acromial

Back 6

Point of the shoulder

Front 7

Antebrachial

Back 7

Forearm

Front 8

Antecubital

Back 8

Anterior surface of elbow

Front 9

Axillary

Back 9

armpit

Front 10

Brachial

Back 10

Arm

Front 11

Buccal

Back 11

Cheek

Front 12

Carpal

Back 12

Wrist

Front 13

Cervical

Back 13

Neck

Front 14

Coxal

Back 14

Hip

Front 15

Crural

Back 15

Leg

Front 16

Digital

Back 16

Fingers or toes

Front 17

Femoral

Back 17

Femur

Front 18

Fibular (peroneal)

Back 18

Side of the leg

Front 19

Frontal

Back 19

Forehead

Front 20

Hallux

Back 20

Big toe

Front 21

Inguinal

Back 21

Groin

Front 22

Mammary

Back 22

Breast

Front 23

Mental

Back 23

Chin

Front 24

Nasal

Back 24

Nose

Front 25

Oral

Back 25

Mouth

Front 26

Orbital

Back 26

Bony eye socket

Front 27

Palmar

Back 27

Palm of hand

Front 28

Pedal

Back 28

Foot

Front 29

Pelvic

Back 29

Pelvis region

Front 30

Pollex

Back 30

Thumb

Front 31

Pubic

Back 31

Genital region

Front 32

Sternal

Back 32

Breastbone

Front 33

Tarsal

Back 33

Ankle

Front 34

Thoracic

Back 34

Chest

Front 35

Umbilical

Back 35

Navel

Front 36

Acromial

Back 36

Point of shoulder

Front 37

Brachial

Back 37

Arm

Front 38

Calcaneal

Back 38

Heel of the foot

Front 39

Cephalic

Back 39

Head

Front 40

Dorsum

Back 40

Back

Front 41

Gluteal

Back 41

Buttocks

Front 42

Lumbar

Back 42

Back; between the ribs and hips

Front 43

Manus

Back 43

Hands

Front 44

Occipital

Back 44

Back of the head

Front 45

Olecranal

Back 45

Elbow

Front 46

Otic

Back 46

Ear

Front 47

Perineal

Back 47

Between anus and external genitalia

Front 48

Plantar

Back 48

Sole of the foot

Front 49

Popliteal

Back 49

Back of knee

Front 50

Sacral

Back 50

Between the hips; overlaying the sacrum

Front 51

Scapular

Back 51

Shoulder blade

Front 52

Sural

Back 52

Calf

Front 53

Vertebral

Back 53

Area of the spinal column

Front 54

Superior/Inferior

Back 54

Above/Below

Front 55

Anterior/Posterior

Back 55

Front/Back

Front 56

Medial/Lateral

Back 56

Toward the midline/Away from the midline

Front 57

Cephalad (cranial)/Caudal

Back 57

Toward the head/Toward the tail

Front 58

Dorsal/Ventral

Back 58

Backside/Bellyside

Front 59

Proximal/Distal

Back 59

Nearer to trunk or attached end/Farther from the trunk of point of attachment

Front 60

Superficial/Deep

Back 60

Toward or at body surface/away from body surface

Front 61

Sagittal Plane

Back 61

Divides body into left and right parts

Front 62

Frontal Plane

Back 62

Divides body into anterior and posterior parts

Front 63

Transverse Plane

Back 63

Divides body into superior and inferior parts

Front 64

What is in the cranial cavity?

Back 64

the brain

Front 65

What is in the vertebral cavity?

Back 65

Spinal cord

Front 66

What cavities are in the dorsal body cavity?

Back 66

Cranial and vertebral

Front 67

What cavities are in the ventral body cavity?

Back 67

Thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity

Front 68

What is in the thoracic cavity?

Back 68

Heart and the lungs

Front 69

What is in the abdominopelvic cavity?

Back 69

Abdominal cavity: stomach, intestines, liver, and other organs. Pelvic cavity: reproductive organs, bladder, and rectum

Front 70

What separates the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavity?

Back 70

The diapragm

Front 71

What is serous membrane, and where is it located?

Back 71

Thin, doubled-layered membrane; Walls of ventral cavity and outer surfaces of organs

Front 72

Thoracic cavity contains?

Back 72

Superior mediastinum, Pleural cavity, pericardial cavity (within the mediastinum)

Front 73

Name the 9 abdominopelvic cavities.

Back 73

Umbilical region
left and right hypochondriac region
left and right lumbar region, epigastric region
left and right iliac region
hypogastric region

Front 74

What is in the Right hypochondriac region?

Back 74

Liver
Gallbladder

Front 75

What is in the Epigastric Region?

Back 75

Stomach

Front 76

What is in the left hypochondriac region?

Back 76

Diaphragm

Front 77

What is in the Right lumbar region?

Back 77

Ascending colon of the large intestine

Front 78

What is in the Umbilical region?

Back 78

Small Intestine

Front 79

What is in the Left Lumbar region?

Back 79

Descending colon of the large intestine

Front 80

What is in the Right iliac region?

Back 80

Cecum
Appendix

Front 81

What is in the Hypogastric Region?

Back 81

Bladder

Front 82

What is in the Left Iliac region?

Back 82

Initial part of the sigmoid colon

Front 83

Describe the nucleas

Back 83

Contains genetic material (DNA)
Control center of the cell

Front 84

When a cell is not dividing, the genetic material loosely dispersed throughout the nucleus in a threadlike form called?

Back 84

Chromatin

Front 85

When chromatin condenses and coils, forming a dense, darkly staining rodlike body these are called?

Back 85

Chromosomes

Front 86

Describe nucleoli

Back 86

Composed of protein & RNA
Assembly site for ribosomal particles

Front 87

Nuclear pores

Back 87

Permit easy passage of protein and RNA molecules

Front 88

Describe Plasma Membrane

Back 88

Seperates cell contents from the surrounding environment
Building blocks: Phospholipids, and globular protein molecules
Selective Permeability
Plays role in cell-to-cell interactions

Front 89

What is selective permeability?

Back 89

Allowing nutrients to enter the cell and keeping unwanted substances out

Front 90

What are 2 basic ways of transport in the cell?

Back 90

Active transport (the cell must provide energy to power the process)
Passive transport (transport process is driven by concentration or pressure differences)

Front 91

What is a ribosome?

Back 91

Floating free or attached to a membranous structure (rough er)
Begins protein synthesis

Front 92

What is a Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)?

Back 92

Rough ER- studded with ribosome, provide an area for storage and transport of proteins made on the ribosomes
Smooth ER- no function in protein systhesis, detoxifies, makes hormones

Front 93

What is the Golgi Apparatus?

Back 93

Flat sacs with bulbous ends; package proteins or other substances for export from cell

Front 94

What are lysosomes?

Back 94

Contain digestive enzymes; apoptosis (programmed cell death)

Front 95

What are peroxisomes?

Back 95

lysosome-like sacs containing oxidase enzymes for cell detoxification

Front 96

What is the mitochondria?

Back 96

Powerhouse of the cell

Front 97

What are centrioles?

Back 97

Close to the nucleus; direct formation of mitotic spindle during cell division
Form the bases of cilia and flagella

Front 98

What is mitosis?

Back 98

Nuclear division

Front 99

What is cytokinesis?

Back 99

Division of the cytoplasm
(Begins after mitosis is nearly complete)

Front 100

What is meiosis?

Back 100

Special type of division that only occurs in reproductive organs

Front 101

Describe Interphase.

Back 101

Longer period during when the cell grows and carries out usual activities
DNA is replicated

Front 102

Describe Prophase.

Back 102

Chromatin coils and shorten to form chromosomes
Chromosomes appear as double-stranded structures
Nuclear envelope and nucleolous breakdown and dissapear

Front 103

Describe Metaphase.

Back 103

Brief stage
Chromosomes migrate to the center of cell and make a straight line

Front 104

Describe Anaphase.

Back 104

Chromatids become chromosomes again
Progress towards opposite sides of cell
Attached to their centromeres

Front 105

Describe Telophase.

Back 105

Chromosomes clustered at poles begin to uncoil
Spindle breaks down and disappears
A nuclear envelope forms around each chromatin mass
Nucleoli appear in each daughter cell

Front 106

Describe Cytokinesis.

Back 106

Division of the cytoplasmic mass
Begins during telophase

Front 107

What is a cell wall?

Back 107

External boundary of cell
Regulates flow of materials into and out of cell

Front 108

What is Brownian Movement?

Back 108

Random motion of small particles suspended in water

Front 109

What is diffusion?

Back 109

Movement of molecules from a region of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
(Driving force is kinetic energy)

Front 110

What is osmosis?

Back 110

Movement of a substances from an area of its higher concentration to an area of its lower concentration

Front 111

What is hypertonic?

Back 111

Contains more nonpenetrating solute particles than the interior of the cell
(small)

Front 112

What is hypotonic?

Back 112

Contains fewer nonpenetrating solute particles than the interior of the cell
(big)

Front 113

What is isotonic?

Back 113

Contains a concentration of nonpenetrating solutes equal to that of the cell
(normal)

Front 114

What is vesicular transport?

Back 114

Large particles and molecules are transported across the membrane

Front 115

What is endocytosis?

Back 115

Movement into the cell

Front 116

What is exocytosis?

Back 116

Movement out of the cell

Front 117

What is pinocytosis?

Back 117

(Fluidphase Endocytosis)
Cell membrane sinks benteath the material to form a small vesicle, which pinches off into the cell interior

Front 118

What is phagocytosis?

Back 118

(Cell Eating)
Parts of cytoplasm and plasma membrane are fused to lysosomes and the contents are digested

Front 119

What are tissues and the 4 major types?

Back 119

Groups of cells that are similar in structure and function;
Connective, epithelial. muscle, and nervous

Front 120

What is epithelial tissue and what are its characteristics?

Back 120

Covers the surface;
Polarity
Cellularity
Supported by Connective Tissue
Avascularity
Regeneration

Front 121

What is connective tissue, where is it, and what are its characteristics?

Back 121

Primarly to protect, support and bind together other tissues;
Found all over the body;
Rich supply of blood vessels (except tendons, cartilage, and ligaments)
Composed of many cells
Alot of non living material (matrix) between the cells

Front 122

What are the 4 types of connective tissue?

Back 122

Connective tissue proper
Bone
Blood
Cartilage

Front 123

Describe nervous tissue.

Back 123

Made of neuroglia (supporting cells that protect, support and insulate) and nuerons (recieve stimuli, irritability)

Front 124

Describe muscle tissue and the three types of muscle tissue.

Back 124

Highly specialized to contract and produce movement.
Skeletal Muscle
Cardiac Muscle
Smooth Muscle

Front 125

Describe skeletal muscle tissue

Back 125

Voluntary control
Moves limbs and external body parts
Long, cylindrical, and multinucleate
Obvious striations

Front 126

Describe cardiac muscle

Back 126

Found only in the heart
Muscle fits together by intercalated discs
Involuntary control

Front 127

Describe smooth muscle

Back 127

Found in walls of hollow organs
Has 2 layers
No striations
Uninucleaic

Front 128

What are the functions of the skin?

Back 128

Protection
Insulation
Prevents water loss
Regulates heat loss
Mini-excretory system

Front 129

What are the 2 regions of the skin?

Back 129

Epidermis and Dermis

Front 130

What are keratinocytes?

Back 130

Most abundant in epidermal cells
Produce keratin fibrils

Front 131

What is keratin?

Back 131

Fibrous protein that gives the epidermis its durability and productive capabilities

Front 132

What are melanocytes?

Back 132

Spidery black cells that produce melanin (protective pigment produces when exposes to sun)

Front 133

What are Langerhans' Cells?

Back 133

Play a role in immunity.

Hint 133

Lang never got sick

Front 134

What are merkel cells?

Back 134

Spiky hemispheres that, with sensory nerve endrings, form sensitive touch receptors

Front 135

What are the layers of the epidermis?

Back 135

Stratum Basale (Basal Layer) constantly undergoing cell division
Stratum Spinosum (Spiny Layer) Pre-keratin proteins
Stratum Granulosum (Granular Layer) Flattening, drying out
Stratum Lucidum (Clear layer) Thin layer of keratinocytes, found in thick skin
Stratum corneum (horny layer) 20-30 cell layers, Dead

Front 136

What are the 2 regions of the Dermis layer?

Back 136

Papillary layer: more superficial, make fingerlike projections, dermal papillae (produce finger prints)
Meissner's Corpuscles found here
Lets heat radiate to skin surface

Reticular Layer: Deepest layer
Composed of dense irregular connective, arteries, veins, sweat and sebaceous glands.
Pacinian Corpuscles found here

Front 137

What are Meissners Corpuscles?

Back 137

Pain and touch receptors

Front 138

What are Pacinian Corpuscles?

Back 138

Pressure receptors

Front 139

What is the arrector pili muscle?

Back 139

When they contract it pulls the hair up (cold or fright) dimpling the skin surface with goose bumps

Front 140

What are eccrine glands?

Back 140

Distributed all over body
Produce clear perspiration (water, salts, are urea)

Front 141

What are apocrine glands?

Back 141

Found in genital areas
Secrete milky protein, and fat-rich substance

Front 142

What are the the three most common fingerprint patters?

Back 142

Arches, loops, and whorls

Front 143

What is cutaneous membrane?

Back 143

Skin

Front 144

What is the mucous membrane?

Back 144

Line all body cavities that open to the exterior
Rest of a layer of loose connective tissue (lamina propria)

Front 145

What are serous membranes?

Back 145

Epithelial membranes
Composed of a layer of simple squamous epithelium
Parietal Layer (line body cavity)
Visceral Layer (covers the outside of the organs)

Front 146

What are synovial membranes?

Back 146

Composed entirely of connective tissue
Line the cavities surrounding joints