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48 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
_ Causes
1. Smoking—inhibits alpha 1 antitrypsin which leads to destruction of elastic fibers 2. Hereditary alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency—breaks down elastase—an enzyme that breaks down elastic fibers (usually hereditary if they are below 40) Lung tissue w/out elastic ability becomes stretched out so less alveoli. Alveoli @ base of the base lungs are larger and stretched out. |
emphysema
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Alveoli sacs become stretched out and lose elasticity
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emphysema
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_ S and S
SOB DOE Orthopnea (only able to breathe in upright position) Wheezing Increased respiratory rate Peripheral cyanosis **Pursed lip breathing Malaise Chronic cough **Barrel chest Weight loss Use of accessory muscles Prolonged expiratory period (w/grunting) Don’t want to exercise!! |
emphysema
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_
Pink Puffers: Slender Lungs bulge out over ribs Breathe through pursed lips—creates pressure to allow more air out |
emphysema
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pink puffers
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emphysema
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how to do pursed lip breathing.
have to do this for any activity they are doing, if they don’t they will _ |
smell the flowers, and blow out the birthday candle
pass out |
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Asthma 2 types:
1._—breath in particle-> allergen response->IgE lands on mast cell in bronchial tree-> bronchoconstriction. Pt will state “can’t get the air in” but the problem is they can’t get the air out. 2. _—sucks in cooler air which causes bronchoconstriction & mucus production. Ex—exercise induced asthma. |
extrinsic
intrinsic |
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_ s and s
Episodes of dyspnea Cough w/w/o sputum production, especially 5 or 10 minutes after exercise begins Skin retraction(clavicles, ribs, sternum) Abnormal fatigue Tickle in the back of the throat accompanied by a cough Tickle occassionally @ back of neck *wheezing (noise of air pushing over mucus plug) Nostril flaring (advanced) |
asthma
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stages of asthma
Symptoms reverse w/cessation of activity |
mild
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stages of asthma
Audible wheezing, use of accessory muscles, leaning forward to catch breath |
moderate
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stages of asthma
Blue lips/fingernails, tachypnea (30-40/min) despite cessation of activity, cyanotic-induced seizures, skin & rib retraction. |
severe
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Pneumoconiosis (restrictive):
_dz—lung becomes scarred down, can lead to 50% lung vital capacity |
Coal miners Dz
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_
Inhaled particles Silicosis—mesotheiloma |
Pneumoconiosis (restrictive)
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Pneumoconiosis (restrictive):
_- breathing in asbestos _- CA of pleural sacs, metastasizes everywhere |
asbestosis
mesothelioma |
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_ Most common inherited genetic dz in whites. Disorder involves blocking of the Cl channel, this keeps Cl, Na & H20 inside, producing a thick mucous that affects the hepatic, digestive, male reproductive & respiratory system.
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cystic fibrosis
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_ s and S
Persistent coughing/wheezing Recurrent pneumonia Excessive appetite but poor weight gain Salty, skin/sweat Bulky foul smelling stools _ S & S: Tachypnea,sustained chronic cough, barrel chest, use of accessory muscles, cyanosis & clubbing, exertional dyspnea. Possible: pneumothorax, hemoptysis, R sided heart failure due to pulmonary HTN. |
cystic fibrosis
Pulmonary |
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Collapse of alveoli
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Atelectasis
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1st breath—alveoli collapse due to lack of surfactin
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atelectasis neonatorum
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patient not taking a deep breat->collapse alveoli, nonventilated airway-> leads to mucus plugs-> bacteria party! (moist and warm)
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Acquired atelectasis
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ARDS=
high % die |
adult respiratory distress syndrom
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DIC= _ (free floating clot)
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Disseminated intra vascular coagulation
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_
Leading neoplasm for death. Incidence is high. Etiology? A lot of times, mentation has changed & this leads to lung CA discovery Types: Squamous cell carcinoma Adenocarcinoma Large cell undifferentiated carcinoma Small cell carcinoma Bronchoalveolar neoplasms Carcinoid neoplasm |
lung neoplasms
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early symptoms of _ Hemoptysis
Dyspnea Wheezing Seizures Recurrent pneumonia Sudden unexplained weight loss |
lung CA
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_ Necrotizing infection of bronchi that destroys the muscular wall & elastic components of the bronchus-> irreversible dilation of bronchi
_ —mucopurulent sputum |
Bronchiectasis
Fecal breath |
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_
Child is born premature...last system to develop in the _ __pneumocytes secrete surfactin, keep alveoli open -If born premature they are given a _surfactant till these cells are produced |
lungs
Type II synthetic |
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v=
q= |
ventilation
perfusion |
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_Neonatal RDS—abnormal growth of tissue in the lungs, parenchyma
Also have abnormal cilia in the trachea Combined, these lead to poor endurance functionally |
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia
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~ 10% of all patients with acute _ die during the first 1 to 3 months after diagnosis.
Overall, 1% of all patients admitted to hospitals die of acute _ |
pulmonary Embolus
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_ Accumulation of air in the pleural space. Rx is a chest tube
part of the trachea moves over to the side |
pneumothorax
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_ s and s
Dyspnea Sudden sharp chest pain Shoulder pain Weak & rapid pulse BP drop Dry, hacking cough |
pneumothorax
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Treatment is a chest tube to drain out air and fluid from the pleural cavity
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pneumothorax
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Pleural effusion types
H2o in pleural space |
hydrothorax
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Pleural effusion types
purulent exudate, infection |
pyothorax
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Pleural effusion types
infection w/fibrosis |
empyema
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Pleural effusion types
blood in pleural cavity (TB, CA, aneurysm) |
hemothorax
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Infection in pleural cavity, causing inflammation of the pleural lining
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pleuritis
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_ s and s
Sharp Chest pain Cough Dyspnea Fever, chills Tachypnea |
pleuritis
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_ Retention of CO2 >45 mmHg
Causes—emphysema, bronchitis, pneumonia, Spinal Cord Injury |
respiratory acidosis
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_ s and s
Decreased ventilation Confusion Shallow rapid breathing Diaphoresis Restlessness Cyanosis Sleepiness & unconsciousness |
respiratory acidosis
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In the lungs the pH is dropping bc there is retention of co2
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respiratory acidosis
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Hyperventilating to bring CO2 levels down
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Respiratory Alkalosis
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_ s and S
Lightheadedness Dizziness Numbness & tingling of the face, fingers, & toes Syncope |
Respiratory Alkalosis
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_- body tries to respond to the condition
_- they have a pathology that does not allow the body to compensate (if continues they will die) |
Compensated
Uncompensated |
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normal Ph level _
Acidosis Uncomp _ Comp _ Alkalosis uncomp _ comp _ |
7.35-7.45
< 7.35 normal >7.45 normal |
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Normal PCO2 levels_
Acidosis Uncomp _ Comp _ Alkalosis uncomp _ comp _ |
35-45
>45 >45 <35 <35 |
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Normal HCO3 Levels _
Acidosis Uncomp _ Comp _ Alkalosis uncomp _ comp _ |
22-26
normal >26 normal ,22 |
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_ End result of many respiratory dzs
PaO2 is <50 mmHg or PaCO2 is >50 mmHg & pH is decreasing (7.3) These values will not meet bodys demand at rest |
Acute respiratory failure
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_ s and s
Rapid, shallow, often labored respirations, hypoxia & hypercapnia include HA, tachycardia, lethargy, & confusion |
Acute respiratory failure
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