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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Body must inactivate & remove the ___ stimulus and begin process of healing.
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inflammatory
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The process of__ (__ -cell eating) of microorganisms, foreign substances, necrotic cells, & conn tissue by specialized cells (___) is important in achieving this goal.
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ingestion
phagocytosis phagosome |
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Phagocytosis: __ cells wall off invader, then __ come in to get rid of the invader
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Phagocytic
lysosomes |
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__ Inflammation- time can be from months to years
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Chronic
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chronic inflammation:
Objective is to __ the persistent pathological agent (virus, bacteria, protozoa) Cell types—monocyte/macrophages, fibrocyte, endothelial cells, lymphocytes, plasma cells |
remove
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Anytime you see lymphocytes, the inflammation is __.
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chronic
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transudate/exudate
__ injury serous transudate (blister) |
mild
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transudate/exudate
__ injury fibrinous exudate (tries to form a clot) |
severe
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transudate/exudate
__pus, bacterial infection (PMN’s) |
suppurative
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transudate/exudate
__ pink or red tinge (RBC’s) (large amount of blood coming out) |
hemmorrhagic
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transudate/exudate
mucous, damaged tissue such as lung, nose, vagina (a lot of mucous) |
catarrhal
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Bugs present-> inflammation-> lymph area __ unless crushing of lymph vessels
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increases
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Anchoring filaments move by __ & this __ the lymph channel to allow the foreign invader to enter into the channel.
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chemotaxis
opens |
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inflammation of lymph vessels
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lymphangitis
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lymph nodes become enlarged (hyperplasia of immune cells, Tender To Palpation)
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lymphadenitis
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where does fluid go from inflammation: Move toward the lymph channel the __ open up. Down from a lymph vessel there is a __where they come together. These areas are monitored by __ and __ cells
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anchoring filaments
lymph node T and B |
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sympathetic manifestation of inflammation
1 2 3 |
fever
leukocytosis leukopenia |
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sympathetic manifestation of inflammation:
__caused by endogenous pyrogens released into circulation. Prostaglandins are released from macrophages and cause a shift to occur in neurons in relation to cold |
fever
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sympathetic manifestation of inflammation:
__increased # of WBC’s (monitore the counts in each of these kinds of cells) 1__ —occurs during bacterial infections or an MI 2__ —occurs with viral infections: 3__ —seen in allergies & parasitic infections |
Leukocytosis
Neutrophilia Lymphocytosis Eosinophilia |
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sympathetic manifestation of inflammation:
__bad sign. The body is not able to make enough WBC’s. Seen in overwhelming infection, malnourishment, chronic debilitation. May lead to __- a state of ill being or conditioning, on their way to death, wasting away |
leukopenia
CACHEXIA |
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Types of collagen:
found in skin, bone, tendon & ligament. Characteristic—builds tensile force when stretched |
type 1
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Types of collagen:
found in cartilage. Characteristic—surface resists shear forces (not at resistant, deep resists compression |
type 2
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Types of collagen:
found in pliable tissues such as skin, blood vessels, utereus, GI tract |
type 3
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Types of collagen:
found in all epithelial cells except the liver. Characteristic—tensile strength to underlying structure--basement membrane |
type 4
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Types of collagen:
found in anchoring filaments of lymph vessels to open them up, aids in drainage. |
type 5
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tissue undergoing repair/ regeneration:1___- __ clears away debris
Release of __ factors to help set up repair Contraction of wound by ___ (fibroblasts that contract) |
skin-integument
Inflammation growth myofibroblasts |
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tissue undergoing repair/ regeneration: 1. skin-integument- __=type III collagen by day 4 & synthesis of type I collagen by day 7. (normally!) (Red tissue in the wound)
No __ or __ in area that is repaired. |
Granulation tissue
hair or sweat glands |
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__ intention of healing: Surgical incision. Ends are approximated by suture. 3-4 days=granulation tissue. __ scar =1st month—collagen is vascularized. __ scar=type I collagen has decreased vascularization. healing is from the __ up, if this does not happen there is a creator which is ideal for __
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primary
red white bottom infections |
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__ intention of healing= __ forms over top of the injury. As healing takes place the __ moves up and gets smaller along with the __ or __
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scar
granulation tissue scar or scab |
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tissue undergoing repair/ regeneration: 2. __: __ cells
Repair & regeneration depends on amount of __. Knock off a couple of cells, can still regenerate __ |
liver
Stable damage hepatocytes |
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tissue undergoing repair/ regeneration: 3 __: __ cells—able to regenerate but not constantly dividing
__ example: viral pneumonia,kill off type I pneumocytes, basement membrane regenerates to type II then differentiates to type I __ example: asbestosis, repair with cell loss & destruction |
lung
stable Regeneration Repair |
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tissue undergoing repair/ regeneration: 4.__: __ cells= damaged cells heal by repair only. Connective tissue __ makes cardiomyocytes hypoelastic & hypokinetic. Once an MI, then the tissue doesn’t function as well! More prone to secondary complications.
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heart
Permanent scar |
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tissue undergoing repair/ regeneration: 5. __: __ cells—heals by repair but not a connective tissue scar, a __ scar. Sprouting from adjacent __ cells is possible. __ does not regenerate, certain cells in __ can regenerate.
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CNS-neurons
Permanent glial CNS Brain CNS |
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tissue undergoing repair/ regeneration: 6. __: __ cells—replaced by scar tissue repair.
No regeneration of __ but __ regrowth @ rate of 1mm/day or 1 inch/month. NOT regeneration but regrowth. __ debris is removed by macrophages mobilized from the surrounding tissues by Wallerian regeneration. |
PNS-neurons
Permanent PNS axon Lipid |
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tissue undergoing repair/ regeneration: 7.__: __ cells=adjacent satellite cells can move into area and regenerate __ BUT if cut/sliced, satellite cells don’t know where to go so __ only.
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skeletal muscle
Stable skeletal muscle repair |
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Skeletal muscle specifics: __ with__ formation & inflammation in the 1st phase. (24-48 hours post injury)
__ phase follows w/phagocytosis, activation of satellite cells & myofiber regeneration. (6-8 weeks post injury) __ phase involves tissue remodeling. |
Hemostasis w/ hematoma
Proliferation Maturation |
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tissue remodeling/repair: 8. __: __ cells=in the process of repair, leads to regeneration because tissue is connective tissue. Takes greater than __ for return to full tensile strength
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tendon/ ligaments
Stable 1 year |
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Tendon: Hemostasis begins as __ enter the tear & initiate clot formation. This happens immediately followed by __ phase. (starts in 1st 72 hours after injury)
__and __ start cross linking to reduce bleeding. (tendons run in a certain direction but the cross linking runs in multiple directions which limits their range of motion, we need to break them so they lay down in their normal directions) __ phase occurs 2-3 weeks post injury. Fibroblasts spouting out collagen type III. |
platelets
inflammatory Fibrin & fibronectin Proliferative |
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tendon:
__ phase begins around week 3 after initial injury. Type__ is replaced by type __. The collagen is oriented along the lines of stress & organized to resist stretch & tearing. 12-16 weeks to reach a level that tendon can be __. So.. maximum muscle tension should be avoided for @ least __ weeks post tendon repair. |
Maturation
3 1 stressed 8 |
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ligaments: Intrarticular vs extrarticular ligaments. (_ inside vs _ outside)
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ACL MCL
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__ degree sprain –mild pain w/in 24 hours. Mild swelling, TTP, & pain when stretched.
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1st
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__ degree sprain–moderate pain. Stress & palpation greatly increase the pain. When torn, hypermobility.
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2nd
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__ degree —avulsion (ligament torn off of bone) of tissue w/severe pain. Stress to tissue is usually painless, palpation reveals defect. Torn ligament =‘s instability of joint!!
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3rd
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tissue repair/regeneration: 9.__: A__,__, and__
After adolescence, __only. If younger, then __. Located @ joint surfaces, bone apophyses, epiphyseal plates, costal cartilage, fetal skeleton. |
articular cartilage
avascular, aneural, & alympathic. repair regeneration |
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tissue repair/regeneration: 10.__: __ cells. Cortical & cancellous bone.
fracture bone—easily __. Bone is approximated by pinning, screws & plating. Period of immobilization=4-8 weeks. Exercise: Weight bearing 4-8 weeks Stretching or heavy resistance exercise |
bone
Stable regenerates |
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fx healing: 1. __ phase= hematoma formation
2. __ phase= formation of a soft callus around 2 weeks post injury. Growth factors involved in repair. __=soft to hard callus leading to fracture stability (6-12 weeks) 3. __ phase=union persists until bone is returned to normal (may take __to__). |
Inflammatory
Reparative Endochondral ossification Remodeling months - years |
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bone fx: __ forms between fractured bone ends (will serve as a fibrin network).
__ occurs at the bone ends because of torn blood vessels. __ follows |
Hematoma
Necrosis inflammation |
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bone fx: Hematoma serves as basis for fibrin network for granulation tissue.
Granulation tissue contains: __ vessels __ cells __ lay down new collagen Susceptible to fx again because has no __ material. This is a __ (no bone) so is not able to withstand weight bearing |
blood
Phagocytic Fibroblasts bony soft callus |
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Bone fx: __ start to lay down cartilage
Forms a fibrocartilagenous callus [__] Still NOT strong enough to bear weight __-form new bone & replaces the cartilage callus Forms bony (hard) callus |
Chondroblasts
collar Osteoblasts |
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bone fx: Bony callus is remodeled by both __ (eating up) and __ (laying down) over following months.
More compact bone is laid down and excess bone in callus is removed. Remodeling occurs according to amount of __ places on the bone |
osteoclasts
osteoblasts stress |