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49 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
amino acids
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building blocks protein, 22 diff groups, DNA -> RNA
H cooh-C-Nh2 R |
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R group
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->s unique characteristics:
hydrophobic, philic, neutral |
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vegetarians
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be smart!
beans=incomplete protein no B-12 - only animals - how cells replicate-eventually die lactovo (best) vegan - beans |
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complete protein
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grains + beans
soy = closest to complete |
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nonessential amino acids
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body already makes
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essential amino acids
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9
animal prods = all 9 can't use another to make proteins right amt, alphabet vowel |
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calculate amt protein need
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weight/2.2 * .8
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amino acids linked by...
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peptide bonds
dipeptide = 2 peptide bonds need enzymes to break apart peptide bonds |
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amind acid sequence varies w/ diff proteins
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shape ->s task,
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hemoglobin
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globular protein red blood cells, carries O from lungs to cells throughout body
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protein denaturation
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uncoil and lose shape ->lose ability
can be irrevers |
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muscle cells
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can't add them, only make them bigger
eat enough CARBS |
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stomach
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hydrochloric acid -> hydrolysis of proteins, uncoils, activates stomach enzymes
protein-pepsin, HCL-> smaller polypeptides |
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pancrease and small intenstine
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pancreative and SI enzymes proteases divide polypeps further -> tri/dipeps, amino acids
*also* enzymes on surface of SI hydrolyze these peptides to absorb blood carriers in member |
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what amino acids are absorbed?
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peptides, intestinal and tripeptades, dipeptidases
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absorption: small intestine
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proteins decrease amino acids, once amino acids in side SI -> E before absorp
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misconception with enzymes
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don't eat enzyme B, predigested proteins (a.a. supplements) NOT easier on body!
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in the stomach: hydrochloric acid
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-denatures protein structure
-acctivates pepsinogen to pepsin |
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in the stomach: pepsin
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- cleaves proteins to smaller polypeps and some free a.a.'s
- stops pesinogen creation |
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in the small intestine: enteropeptidase
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- changes pancreatic trypsinogen to trypsin
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in the small intestine: trypsin
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- stops trysinogen creation
- cleaves peptide bonds next to a.a.'s lysin and arginine - changes pancreatic procarbxypeptidases to carboxypeptidases - changes pancreative chymotrypsinogen to chymotrypsin |
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in the small intestine: chymotrypsin
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- cleaves peptide bonds next to a.a's penylalanine, tyrosinem, tryptophan, methioninem asparagine, and histidine
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in the small intestine: carboxypeptidases
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- cleave a.a. from carboxyl ends of polypeptides
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in the small intestine: elastase and collagenase
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- cleave poplypes into smaller polypeps and tripeps
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in the small intestine: intestinal tripeptidases
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cleave tripeptides to dipeptides and a.a.'s
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in the small intestien: intestinal dipeptidases
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glues dipeps to amino acids
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in the small intestine: intestinal aminopeptidases
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- attaches amino acid amino ends of small poly peps
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roles of proteins
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- enzymes
-building materials for growth/maintenance -regulators fluid balance - buffers - transporters - source of E and glucose |
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antibodies
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- defend v disease
- antibodies defend v. antigens -> immunity |
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nitrogen equilibrium
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N in = N out
- when done w/ growth spurt |
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positive N balance
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preggers/growing
N in > N out |
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negative N balance
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-starving
-eating incomplete proteins -using protein for cals N in < N out injury/sick |
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RDA
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.8 g/kg
weight/2.2 * .8` |
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protein turnover
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proteins continualy made/broken down
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amino acid pool
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supply of a.a.'s (from food protein or body protein) that collects in cells, circulates blood ready to be used
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deanimating proteins
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1. striped o N
2. N to urea 3. kidneys filter urea out 4. amino N in pee 5. rest C frags - diff metab pathways |
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using a.a.s to -> proteins/nonessential a.a.'s
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cells make a.a's they need, make it from another a.a. if not the one they need
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using a.a.'s to make other compounds
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ex: neurotransmitters
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using a.a's to make E and glucose
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E and glucose
- when no glucose/fatty acids |
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using a.a.'s to make fat
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when E intake and protein > E needs ---weight gain!
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protein quality
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1. digestibility
2. amino acid composition - essential a.a.'s -> proteins and limited amino acid 3. ability to support growth |
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high quality protein
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have all essential a.a.'s
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complementary proteins
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combo dietary proteins make up for lack
ex vegetarians |
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protein digestitbility corrected amino acid score
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PDCAAS
measure of protein quality req's for kids and adjusts |
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what is PEM
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defic of protien, E or both
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types PEM
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acute and chronic
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acute PEM
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-thin for height
-recent starvation - leads to Kwashiorkor |
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chronic PEM
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-short for age
-long term hunger -small kids easy to overlook b/c look normal |
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Kwashiorkor
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- acute PEM
- edema -swollen belly - protein defic or disease precips -18 mos -2 yrs old - 2nd child comes along --> first kid no more breast milk and gets cereal sub |