Animal Nutrition Test 3

Front 1

Forms of Vitamin A

Back 1

Alcohol - Retinol

Aldehyde - Retinal

Acid - Retinoic Acid

Esterified to FA

Beta-Carotene - 2 Vit A molecules together

Front 2

Function of Vitamin A

Back 2

Normal night vision

Hormone-like growth factor

Front 3

_______ is mediated by retinoid receptors _____ & ________ which bind _______ and related compounds and act as transcription factors

Back 3

Vitamin A is mediated by retinoid receptors RAR & RXR which bind retinol and related compounds and act as transcription factors

Front 4

Deficiency signs for Vitamin A

Back 4

Night blindness

Xerophthalmia - dryness and irritation of eye

Keratinization of respiratory epithelium

Ataxia

Reproductive Failure

Front 5

Toxicity signs for Vitamin A

Back 5

Anorexia

Skin thickening, hair loss

Hemorrhaging

Decreased bone strength

Death

Front 6

Forms of Vitamin D

Back 6

D2 and D3

Active form = 1,25-(OH)2-D

formed by hydroxylation in liver and kidney

Front 7

Function of Vitamin D

Back 7

- Elevates plasma Ca and P: stimulates intestinal absorption of Ca & P, bone resorption of Ca and P, kidney tubular resorption of Ca and P

- Permits normal bone mineralization

- Prevents tetany due to low blood Ca

- Stimulates innate immunity, suppresses autoimmune responses

Front 8

Deficiency signs for Vitamin D

Back 8

Rickets

Increased susceptibility to infection

Front 9

Toxicity signs for Vitamin D

Back 9

Abnormal deposition of Ca in soft tissues

Brittle bones subject to fracture

Front 10

What is the active form of Vitamin E

Back 10

Alpha-Tocopherol

Front 11

Function of Vitamin E

Back 11

Free-radical scavenger

Antioxidant

Front 12

Deficiency signs for Vitamin E

Back 12

Nutritional muscular dystrophy

Exudative diathesis (breast edema in poultry)

Encephalomalacia (cerbral softening)

Most signs partially relieved by Se

Most signs intensified by PUFA

Front 13

Forms of Vitamin K

Back 13

K1 = phylloquinone - natural

K2 = menaquinone - natural

K3 = menadione - synthetic

Front 14

Function of Vitamin K

Back 14

Normal blood clotting

Front 15

Deficiency signs of Vitamin K

Back 15

Prolonged clotting times, hemorrhage and death

Antagonists can cause deficiency signs:

Ex. Warfarin in rodent poison

Front 16

Toxicity signs of Vitamin K

Back 16

Only menadione is toxic, causes:

Anemia, chest pains, shortness of breath

Front 17

What are the fat-soluble vitamins?

Back 17

Vitamin A

Vitamin K

Vitamin D

Vitamin E

Front 18

What are the water-soluble vitamins

Back 18

Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Pantothenic Acid, Vitamin B6 and B12, Folacin, Biotin, Choline, Vitamin C

Front 19

Function of Thiamin

Back 19

Coenzyme in decarboxylases and dehydrogenates of CHO metabolism

ex. pyruvatedehydrogenase in conversion of pyruvate to acetate

Front 20

Deficiency signs of thiamin

Back 20

Blood pyruvate and lactate increases

Polyneruritis in chicks (retraction of head)

BeriBeri in humans

Front 21

Function of Riboflavin

Back 21

Component of coenzymes FADH2 and FMNH2:

Redox cofactors in citric acid cycle:

Accepts/donate protons

Front 22

Deficiency signs of Riboflavin

Back 22

Curled toe paralysis in chicks

Reduced growth rate

Front 23

Forms of Niacin

Back 23

Nicotinic Acid

Nicotanimide

Front 24

Functions of Niacin

Back 24

Component of coenzymes NADH and NDPH:

redox cofactors

Front 25

Deficiency signs of Niacin

Back 25

Reduced growth and appetite

Diarrhea, vomiting and dermatitis

Pellagra in humans (red tongue, mouth lesions, anorexia)

Front 26

Function of Pantothenic Acid

Back 26

Component of coenzyme A, as in acetyl-CoA

Front 27

Deficiency signs of Pantothenic Acid

Back 27

Reduced growth rate

"Goose-stepping" in pigs

"Burning feet syndrome" in humans

Deficiencies rare b/c widely distributed

Front 28

Forms of Vitamin B 6

Back 28

Pyridoxine: R = CH2OH

Pyridoxal: R = HCO

Pyridoxamine: R = CH2NH2

Pyridoxal 5'-phosphate = active form

Front 29

Function of Vitamin B 6

Back 29

Coenzymes in all AA transaminases and some AA decarboxylases, deaminases and racemases

Front 30

Deficiency signs of Vitamin B 6

Back 30

Convulsions

Demyelination of peripheral nerves

Swelling and fragmentation of myelin sheath

Front 31

What is important about the structure of Vitamin B 12

Back 31

Contains Cobalt

Front 32

Function of Vitamin B 12

Back 32

Component of coenzymes of methyltransferases

ex. methionine synthase in methionine biosynthesis: partners with THF

Front 33

Deficiency signs of Vitamin B 12

Back 33

Growth failure

pernicious anemia in humans

Relieved by methionine of folacin

Front 34

What is the active form of Folacin

Back 34

Tetrahydrofolate - THF

Front 35

Function of folacin

Back 35

Component of coenzymes of methyltransferases:

Donor of methyl to B12 in methionine synthesis, essential for synthesis of purines, pyrimidines, glycine, serene and creatine

Front 36

Deficiency signs of folacin

Back 36

Anemia

Birth defects - spina bifida in humans

Front 37

Function of biotin

Back 37

Component of coenzymes of carboxylases:

Acetyl-CoA carboxylase in fatty acid synthesis

Front 38

Deficiency signs of biotin

Back 38

scaly dermititis and alopecia

rare because requirement is low

Front 39

Function of Choline

Back 39

Component of the membrane phospholipids physphotidyl choline and sphingomyelin

Component of neurotransmitter acetylcholine

Source of methyl groups

Front 40

Deficiency signs of Choline

Back 40

Fatty liver in most species

Perosis (slipped tendon) in chicks

Front 41

Forms of vitamin C

Back 41

Ascorbic Acid

Dehydroascorbic Acid

Front 42

Function of Vitamin C

Back 42

Reducing agent

Front 43

Deficiency signs of Vitamin C

Back 43

Scurvy

Front 44

What are the macrominerals

Back 44

Calcium

Phosphorus

Magnesium

Potassium, Sodium, Chlorine

Sulfur

Front 45

Function of Calcium

Back 45

Component of hydroxyapatite in bones (99%)

Second messenger in cell signaling pathways

Front 46

Deficiency of Calcium

Back 46

Rickets

Calcium tetany - Milk fever

Intensified by high P diet - inhibits Ca absorption

Front 47

Toxicity of Calcium

Back 47

Bone thickening - osteopetrosis

Calcification of soft tissues

urinary calculi

Inhibition of Zn and other mineral absorption

Front 48

Function of Phosphorus

Back 48

Component of skeleton

Component of phospholipids, DNA, and ATP

Front 49

Deficiency of Phosphorus

Back 49

Rickets

Front 50

Toxicity of Phosphorus

Back 50

Excessive bone resorption

lameness

Spontaneous fracture of long bones

Inhibits Ca absorption

Front 51

Function of Magnesium

Back 51

Component of skeleton

Cofactor for many enzymatic reactions (Mg-ATP = active)

Binds to and stabilizes structure of DNA

signaling molecule

Front 52

Deficiency of Magnesium

Back 52

Anorexia, reduced weight gain, hyperemia of ears

Grass tetany - lush forage with high K to Mg

Intensified by high K diets - inhibits Mg absorption

Front 53

Toxicity of Magnesium

Back 53

Depressed feed intake, depression of growth

Diarrhea

Loss of reflexes

Cardiorespiratory depression

Front 54

Function of K, Na, Cl

Back 54

Maintenance of osmotic pressure , transport

Action potentials in neurotransmission

Component of buffers - maintain acid-base balance

Front 55

Deficiency of K, Na, Cl

Back 55

Reduced growth

Abnormal electrocardiograms (K)

Front 56

Toxicity of K, Na, Cl

Back 56

K inhibits absorption of Mg

Other symptoms uncommon b/c kidney regulates excretion

Front 57

Function of Sulfur

Back 57

Component of many organic molecules: AA, Coenzyme A, biotin, Thiamin, Heparin

Front 58

There is no requirement for free _______, but a deficiency in organic compounds containing this will create expected deficiencies for those compounds

Back 58

Sulfur

Front 59

Toxicity of Sulfur

Back 59

Polioencephlomalacia in ruminants

Front 60

What are the microminerals

Back 60

Cobalt, Iodine, Zinc, Iron, Copper, Manganese, Selenium

Front 61

Function of Cobalt

Back 61

Component of B 12

Required by rumen microbes for B 12 synthesis

Front 62

Deficiency of cobalt

Back 62

Same as B 12

Front 63

Toxicity of _________ is rare due to low intestinal absorption

Back 63

Cobalt

Front 64

Function of Iodine

Back 64

Component of thyroxine

Front 65

Deficiency of Iodine

Back 65

Goiter

Reduced metabolic rate

Skin dryness and brittle hair

Reproductive failure

Front 66

Toxicity of Iodine

Back 66

Goiter

Reduced egg production in chicks

rare due to wide margin

Front 67

Function of Zinc

Back 67

Component of many metalloenzymes

Front 68

Deficiency of Zinc

Back 68

Reduced growth and feed intake

Parakeratosis in swine

Front 69

Toxicity of Zinc

Back 69

Rare due to wide margin

Front 70

Function of Iron

Back 70

Component of heme

Front 71

Deficiency of Iron

Back 71

Anemia

Front 72

Toxicity of Iron

Back 72

Diarrhea, reduced growth, reduced feed efficiency

Iron overload disorder in humans

Excessive Fe intake or blood transfusions: cirrhosis, diabetes and cardiomyopathy

Front 73

Function of Copper

Back 73

Component of Ceruloplasmin (oxidizes Fe for transport)

Component of cytochrome C osidase

Component of enzymes for elastin and collagen formation

Important in normal hair and wool pigmentation

Front 74

Deficiency of Copper

Back 74

Anemia

Bone abnormalities

Steely wool in sheep - straight, hairlike wool

sway back in sheep - incoordination and ataxia

Front 75

Toxicity of Copper

Back 75

Hemoglobinuria - excessive hemoglobin in urine

death

sheep and calves particularly susceptible

must give sheep low-Cu mineral block

Front 76

Function of Manganese

Back 76

Cofactor in various metalloenzymes

ex. pyruvate carboxylase in gluconeogenesis

Front 77

Deficiency of manganese

Back 77

Skeletal abnormalities

Front 78

Toxicity of manganese

Back 78

Antagonism: reduced Ca and P absorption

rare due to wide margin

Front 79

Function of Selenium

Back 79

Component of gluthathione peroxidase

Component of other selenoproteins

Front 80

Deficiency of Selenium

Back 80

Nutritional muscular dystrophy

Exudative diathesis in poultry - edema in breast

Mostly relieved by Vit E

Front 81

Toxicity of Selenium

Back 81

Blind staggers - emaciation, loss of hair, sloughing hooves, blindness

Reduced egg production and increased birth deformities