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67 Cards in this Set
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Hypersensitivity |
refers to antigenic response allergen people who have been sensitized before
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Type 1: Anaphylactic reactions |
the opposite of protected systemic sensitization>bcell makes Ige Agt IgE binds to mast/basophilles 2nd exposure: cross linking of IgE and IgA degranulation released rx time: 30 minutes
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degranulation |
release of granules and mediators in it |
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localized rx |
ingestion of allergen >gastroint upset inhaled hives/asthma
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systemic reactions |
injected allergens >venoms >certain drugs-pencillin can lead o anaphalactic shock goes throughout body
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anapholatic shock
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indivisual sensitized to n antigen is exposed again dramatic response injections allergens (bees) |
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type 2 cytotoxic reaction
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when you have a foreign cell 1. body produces IgG + IgM against foriegn cell 2. activates complement system 3. results in cell death rx time: 5-12 hrs |
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example of cytotoxic rx: ABO grouping
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b-circle a-triangle A/B -takes anything B-only recognizes b and produces antibodies A-only recog. A and creates b antibodies O-universal donor/takes anything/ produces A/B antibodies
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Ex. Cytotoxic Rh factor in RBC's Erythroblastosis fetalis
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15% of women have this hemolyitic disease of newborn >Dad(RH+) +MOM(RH-)= 1st baby, but creates anitbodies against RH+ can't have another child because it anitbodies will kill baby Prevention:artificial passive immunity -pump them with RH Ig and body will not respond to it |
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Type 3: immune complex reaction |
-immune response against soluble antigens -inbalance of antibodies(-) and antigens(+) -complex extra escape >insert int basement membrane and cause inflamation via NUETROPHILLES cause damage to epithelial tissue -rx time: 3-8hrs example: arthiritis
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type 3: immune complex reaction |
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type 4 :cell mediated rx |
-delayed hypersensitivity -not mediated by antibodies sensitization: Ag phagocytized and presented on macropahges> stimulates t cells -results: memory cells rx time: 7-10 days -2nd exposure: t memory cells activate t cells/ macrophage (cell mediated immunity) macros migrate to cite and release cytokines rx time: 1-2 days delay=recruitment of memory t-cells |
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autoimmune diseases- cytotoxic reations |
-immune rx agaisnt self 1. cytotoxic immunity >similar to hyersensitivite immunity, but no cell death IgG and IgM but no cytolysis
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aid cytotoxic rx ex. graves disease |
-thyroid related>release of hormones that help function >antibody recognizes receptor and binds to it >binding is a constant stimulate from an over production of tsh |
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aid cytotoxic rx ex. myasthenia gravis (BADDD/ LETHAL) |
-mimics cyto reaction -progressive muscle loss eventually death
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aid's immune complex
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immune complex -apart of body or antigen -stick to tissues and chronic inflamation |
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aid immune complex ex) lupus |
antibodies attack dna -inflamation -butterfly rash -massive lesions on skin |
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aids immune complex ex) rhuematoid arthiritis |
-factor circulating in the blood -igGand IgM complements are deposited in joints -disfiguring
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aid cell mediated ex) hashimotos disease |
-cell mediated -like grave but opposite -t cells attack thyroid -inflamation -enlarged thyroids |
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aid cell mediated ex) multiple sclerosis |
-healthy cell coated with myelene sheath helps signal down axon be moved -t cells attack myelene sheath -progressive disease -loss of feeling and function |
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congenital immune difficency (SCID) |
Immunodeficiency disorders are a group of disorders in which part of the immune system is missing or defective. Therefore, the body'sability to fight infections is impaired. As a result, the person with an immunodeficiency disorder will have frequent infections that aregenerally more severe and last longer than usual. |
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Compare and contrast Congenital and Aquired immune disorders |
Congenital is when part of immune system or is missing a part of immune system that effects the way the body fights infetions -HIV is an aquied infection that also impairs the immune system which created an "aquired immune system defficency" |
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pluripotent |
from totipotent cells; can generate many cell types from 3 germ layers |
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multipotent cells |
can generate related cell types ie) hematopioetic stemm cells = blood and lymph cells |
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unipotent |
cells that can only generate one cell type, but can regenerate |
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totipotent |
first few cells that are from a fused sperm and egg; capable of generating tissue types |
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nervous system |
> 2 parts: CNS/ PNS >Brain/ spinal cord is where most of infections start
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meningitis |
infection of the meninges |
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encephalitis |
infection of the brain |
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What are the two infections that cause the most death? (CNS)
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menegitis/ encephilitis |
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blood-brain barrier |
capalaries that are next to brain could be leaky or cross into the brain, so this is how itprotects the brain |
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central nervous system |
brain/ spinal cord most infectiuons take place |
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PNS |
peripheral nervous system |
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meninges and cerebralspinal fluid |
-meninges- >protect the spinal cord and the brain >3 main layers -cerebrolspinal fluid- >suck out the fluid to see pathogens |
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etiologies(causes) of bacterial meningitis |
streptococcus pneumoniae(30-50%) Nessiriameningitis (15-40%) haimphilus influenza(2-7) >hiv vaccinated against |
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neiserria meningitidis
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causes meningitis( BIGGEST) gram negativecocci symptoms due to endotoxin >rash/ fever/hearing loss/ >soar throat causes or leads to menningitis could resultin brain damage/death treatment: >antibiotics- pennicilin/ ampicillin >because antibitoics work againstthis bacteria
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clostridium botulism |
Symptoms >due to botulisim exotoxins (A,B,C) >Flaccid paralysis/ blurred vision/ nausea/ no fever can recoverdependingon coccus effect Treatment: > trivalent botulism antitoxin
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Myobacterium Leparae (Leprosy or Hansen's Disease) |
Symptoms: -tuberculoid (also causes tb) -perfiferal prganism -infects PNS -shows skin immune reaction -manifestin nerves and skin Lepradomatus: -skin cells -disfiguring nodules(finders/ feet) -less immune response -tissue neccrosis |
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poliovirus-Poliomyelitis
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viruses fecal to oral virus attacks gi tract cause mild flu like symptoms goes in moto nuerons -kills motor nuerons used iron lungs to help patients breath
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Skin |
larges organ of the body 1st line of defense dry membrane epidermis/derimis
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epidermis |
thin outer portion layers of epithelial stratum corneum> dead cells and has a waterproofing protein called keratin effective against microorganisms
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dermis |
-thick portion of skin -connective tissue -hair follicles/sweat gland ducts/oil glad ducts ---- --make it easier for microorganisms to penetrate and spread
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presperation |
provides nutrients for microbial growth salt inhibits many microorganisms lysoszome in sweat break down cell walls and antimicrobial peptides
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sebum |
secreted by oil glands is a mixture of lipids/protiens/salt that prevent hair and skin from drying out also nutritive for microorganisms
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eye |
lacrimal canals lacrimal glands eyelid nasolacrimal canal nose cont. of skin/ mucous membrane
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conjuctiva |
thin mucous covering over eyeball replacing skin where pathogens infect |
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skin/ eye diseases causes |
causes: -direct pentration -hematogenus spread of pathogen -continuous manifestation of disease |
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skin/eye disease classified anatomical level of infection |
-superficial -deep ( necrotising factitiis) -lesion type important for diagnosis lesion important for diagnosis
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circulatory system |
blood vessels -areteries (away) -viens (too heart) -cappallaries infection can do anything in blood stream
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lymphatic system |
wbc extra fluid is taken to lymph cappalaries lymp capps -take fluid back tolymphnoids - where wbc see pathogens
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Lymphangitis |
inflamation of lymphatic systen -growth of organism in blood vessels
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endocardisis |
inflamation of heart
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infective endocardisis |
clots accumilate of heart valve which leads to vegitation (-) of endocarditis >circulating immune complexes >continuousbacterimia >metastatic focus of infection >bits of vegitation can fall off producing clots that could clog blood vessels
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infective subacute endocarditis |
symptoms -fever -heartmurmur -fibrin platelet vegetation( plateletes trapped in them) |
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HIV |
leads to aids rna revers transcriptase >rna to dna and sticks into chromosome retrovirus gp120 -portion of the virus that targets host cell binding to CD4 cells(CXCR4)
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hiv latent vs. Active infection |
latent -no signs or symptoms (just replicating and hiding active -triggered to activate -something that triggers it and is unknown -uses plasma membrane to make enevelope (cell death) |
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hiv in macrophages |
same thing happens in macrophages -hangsout in vacuole -never is completely digested and evades cell
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stages of hiv infection |
look atpowerpint slide it will explain raise in tcells >dramatic drop because cd4 are infected> hiv in blood goes to low levels because they hide in cells and macrophages |
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category c hiv |
aids cd4 is 200/ ml of blood
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digestive system |
acess to all your organs |
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dental decay |
s mutans in plaque>produces acid> decay |
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peridontal disease |
same concept as dental decay except you get gingivitis> chronic gingavitis> chronic inflamstion= tissue death> gums deteriorate |
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stphylococcal food poisioning |
-don't get sick from bacteria you get sick from the toxins theyproduce >food cooked> somone with staph touches it>organisms sit at room temp> person eats toxins created on food |
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hepatitis transmitted |
A/B=feacl to oral c= injection
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giardia lambias |
spore former hard to get rid of almost impposible |
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upper respiratory infection includes and diseases |
sinuses/ nasal cavity/ ear/ tonsils/ pharnyx -pharyngitis -laryngitis -sinusitis -tonsilitis -epiglottitis |
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Lower respiratory infections include and examples of diseases |
bronchioles/ lungs/ hear/ aveoli -TB -Bronchitis _whooping cough - |