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64 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Signs vs. Symptoms of a disease
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Signs: objective changes that can be measured and observed
Symptoms: changes in body function felt by the patient |
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Capsid vs. Nucleocapsid of a virus
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Capsid: protein coat around nucleic cids
Nucleocapsid: capsid + enclosed nucleic acids |
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Bacteremia vs. septicemia
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Bacteremia: presence of bacteria in the blood
septecemia: growth of bacteria/ proliferation of bacteria in the blood |
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Pandemic?
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world wide epidemic
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exotoxins
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toxins excreted by bacteria into the environment.
made of proteins, targets specific tissues, potent, suceptible to heat. |
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endotoxins
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toxins located w/in the cell wall of gram - bacteria. made of lipids, non-specific, not suceptible to heat, only released when bacteria dies.
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toxins vs. toxoids
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toxin: active toxin
toxoid: inactivated toxin - no longer toxic - used in vaccinations. |
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Zoonosis?
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disease that occurs in animals but can be transmitted to humans.
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propogated epidemic vs. common-source epidemic
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propogated: stems from communicable agent - is passed from person to person.
Common-source: stems from 1 source- everone gets sick all at once & then it goes away. Is not communicible |
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Name the 3 general modes of transmission of an infectious agent:
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contact, vector, or vehicle transmission
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Which viruses become latent in nerve cells in an infected individual?
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Herpes and Varicella/Zoster
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What viruses can cause cancer/tumor formation?
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Hep. B & C, Epstein-Barr virus, Human Papilloma Virus, Retroviruses.
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Name a dble stranded RNA virus:
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Rotavirus (is a Reovirus)
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normal flora vs. transient flora:
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normal: orgs. that establish permanant residence w/o causing disease.
Transient: orgs. that come & go |
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What are the viral proteins on the surface of viral envelopes called?
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spikes
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What are the three types of viral capsids?
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icosahedral (3-d), helical (looks like a cylinder), and complex (phage).
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What is a capsomere?
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individual protein units that make up the capsid
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What do togaviruses, flaviviruses, Equine encephalitis virus, Yellow fever virus, and Dengue fever virus have in common?
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they are all transmitted by an insect vector.
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What is a 2ndary infection?
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an infection caused by an oppertunist only after the 1ry infection has weakened the host's defenses.
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What is an inapparent (subclinical) infection?
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an infection that does not cause an apparent infection.
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What is unique about the Retroviruses?
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They have reverse transcriptinase that makes an DNA copy of the viral RNA, then the newly created viral DNA integrates into the host DNA.
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What are Koch's Postulates used for?
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to demonstrate that a specific microorg. is the cause of a specific disease
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What is SSPE? What causes it?
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Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis
caused by the measles. Is a slow agent-incubation time of 6-10 yrs. Always fatal. |
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What 3 infectious diseases are caused by bacteria that are lysogens?
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Scarlet fever, diptheria, botulism
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Name a virus that has a wide host range:
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Influenza
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Name 3 viruses that have a narrow host range - only infecting humans:
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measles, smallpox, ruebella
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Name viruses that cause Hemorrhagic fevers:
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Filoviruses and Bunyaviruses (specifically Ebola and Hantavirus)
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What do viroids consist of?
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an infectious agent made only of RNA. only found in plants.
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What is a Prion? Name a few:
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protinatious infectious particles. ex: kuru, scrapie, mad-cow,
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Systemic infection vs. local infection:
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systemic: large, generalized infection
Local: small, localized infection |
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Name ex. of communicible diseases:
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influenza, rhinoviruses
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Name ex. of non-communicible diseases:
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Legionaires, Botulism
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What binds to receptors?
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Ligands
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Name the 2 general ways microorgs. can cause disease:
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just by colonization (invasion/growth)
by the production of toxins |
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Name 2 ways bacteria can evade phagocytosis in the host:
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by having a capsule
by possessing cell wall components that resist digestion |
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What are parenteral routes of infection? Name exsamples:
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infection caused when a microorg. is deposited beneath the skin. ex: bites, punctures, injections, insect bites
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What are non-living resivoirs of infection?
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soil & water
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What is a formite?
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an inanimate object that passes along an infectious agent. ex: toys, doorknobs, etc.
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what are the 3 categories of transmission by vehicle?
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waterborne, foodborne, and airborne
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airborne transmission vs. direct contact droplet transmission
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airborne: greater than 1 meter
Direct: less than 1 meter |
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reservoir of infection?
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place where infections agent perpetuates itself
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morbidity vs. mortality rates
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morbidity: # of cases of disease per 100K people
Mortality: # of deaths per 100K people |
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endemic vs. epidemic:
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endemic: disease that is always present @ a low level in a certain population
epidemic: increase in the # of cases of a disease in a certain population |
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acute vs. chronic carriers:
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acute: people who are actively infected w/ the infectious agent
chronic: still infected but show only mild symptoms |
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opportunistic pathogen:
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a microorg. that doesn't usually cause disease but can become pathogenic under certain circumstances.
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focal infection:
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a local infection that enters the blood or lymph & spreads all through the host.
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prophage vs. provirus:
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prophage: page (bacterial) DNA inserted into host DNA
Provirus: Viral DNA inserted into host DNA |
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enveloped virus:
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a virus with a membrane envelope
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What is an index case?
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the 1st person to come down with an infection/disease
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nosocomial infection:
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an infection aquired in a medical facility
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isolation vs. quarantine
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isolation: 1 sick person
quarantine: sick person + everyone who has had contact with them |
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biological vs. mechanical vector:
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biological: a living thing that becomes a HOST for the org. and then passes it to something else
Mechanical: living things that just transport the org., but don't become a host. |
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vertical vs. horizontal contract transmission:
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vertical: ONLY MOM to CHILD via milk, blood, etc.
horizontal: any touch between people that transmits disease. |
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endogenous vs. exogenous sources of infection:
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endo: comes from w/in the patient themselves - like an oppertunistic infection
Exo: comes from outside the patient. (others, the environment, etc.) |
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leukocidin
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bacterial enzyme that kills WBCs
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Hemolysins
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bacterial enzymes that lyse/kill RBCs
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Collagenases
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bacterial enzymes that break down collagen
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Bacterial Kinases
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bacterial enzymes that dissolve clots in the blood
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Coagulases
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bacterial enzymes that clot the blood
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Hyaluronidases
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bacterial enzymes that break down hyluronic acid
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5 phases of infection:
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Incubation: time b/twn actual infection & 1st symptoms
Prodromal period: mild symptoms Period of Illness: overt, strong symptoms Period of Decline: signs & sympts. subside Period of Convalescence: patient regains pre-diseased state |
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5 steps in a productive viral infection:
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Adsorption: attatchment
Penetration: viral nucleic acid gets into host cell Biosynthesis: virus takes over & uses host DNA to make viral "parts" Maturation: assembly of new viruses Release: host cell lyses & releases new viruses |
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Name the 3 symbiotic relationships:
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Commensalism: 1 org. bebefits, 1 is unaffected
Mutualism: both orgs. benefit Parasitism: 1 org. benefits at the expense of the other |
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name some exotoxins:
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tetanus - neurotoxin
cholera - enterotoxin |