Memory

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visual imagery encoding

Back 1

the process of storing new information by converting it into mental pictures.

Front 2

where does this semantic encoding take place?

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semantic encoding is uniquely associated with increased activity in the lower left part of the frontal lobe and the inner part of the left temporal lobe

Front 3

What's the three types of encoding processes

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semantic encoding

visual imagery encoding

organizational encoding

Front 4

Why does visual imagery encoding work so well?

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1. When you create a visual image, you relate incoming information to knowledge already in memory.

2.

Front 5

Visual imagery encoding activates what regions in the brain?

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Visual imagery encoding activates visual processing regions in the occipital lobe

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Where in the brain is semantic Judgement present?

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the lower left frontal lobe is active

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Where in the brain is the visual Judgement present?

Back 7

occipital lobe

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Where in the brain is the organization Judgement present?

Back 8

upper left frontal lobe is active

Front 9

organizational encoding

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the process of categorizing information according to the relationships among a series of items.

Front 10

The first function of memory is to _____ the information.

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ENCODE

Front 11

Which of the three functions of memory refers to transforming perceptions, thoughts, and feelings into memories?

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encoding

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A year after getting married, Reginald told his friends he was very happy. Now, Reginald is getting divorced. He may now remember his marriage as unhappy and tumultuous because of the _____ nature of memory.

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constructive

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To successfully remember information, Darla must encode, store, and _____ the information.

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retrieve

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There are three major kinds of memory storage:

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sensory

short-term and long-term.

Front 15

Sensory memory is a type of storage that ...

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holds sensory information for a few seconds or less.

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What are the 2 types of sensory memory.

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Iconic & Echoic Memory

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What's Iconic Memory?

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fast-decaying store of visual information. A similar storage area serves as a temporary warehouse for sounds.

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What's Echoic Memory?

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a fast-decaying store of auditory information.When you have difficulty understanding what someone has just said, you probably find yourself replaying the last few words—listening to them echo in your “mind’s ear,” so to speak.

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short-term memory?

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which holds non-sensory information for more than a few seconds but less than a minute.

Front 20

How long can info last in Short Term?

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information can be held in the short-term memory store for about 15 to 20 seconds.

Front 21

What is the use of " Rehearsal?"

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process of keeping information in short-term memory by mentally repeating it

Front 22

Short-term memory is limited in how____ it can hold information, and also limited in how ____ information it can hold.

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long; much

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Chunking:

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involves combining small pieces of information into larger clusters or chunks that are more easily held in short-term memory.

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working memory:

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refers to active maintenance of information in short-term storage ( chess pieces )

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long-term memory is a type of storage ....

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that holds information for hours, days, weeks, or years

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Where is long-term memory located in the brain?

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the Hippocampus

Front 27

If the hippocampal region of the brain is damaged, individuals suffer from a condition known as _______ _________.

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anterograde amnesia:

the inability to transfer new information from the short-term store into the long-term store.

Front 28

retroactive interference:

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situations in which later learning impairs memory for information acquired earlier

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Proactive interference, in contrast, refers to...

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situations in which earlier learning impairs memory for information acquired later.

Front 30

consolidation is the process by which memories become _______ in the brain

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stable

Front 31

Research suggests that memory storage depends critically on the ...

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spaces between neurons

Front 32

long-term potentiation (more commonly known as LTP:

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a process whereby communication across the synapse between neurons strengthens the connection, making further communication easier.

Front 33

The doctor asks Hans to think about how the event must also have been exhilarating because he was flying, if only for a short period of time. In the future when Hans recalls the event, he does so without fear. Hans's doctor may have influenced Hans's _____ of the event.

Back 33

reconsolidation

Front 34

Sabrina is participating in a study where she has to learn how to navigate an indoor labyrinth. Once she successfully navigates it, a researcher injects her with a drug and now she cannot find her way out of the labyrinth. The researcher has probably given Sabrina a drug that blocks:

Back 34

long-term potentiation.

Front 35

Dakota heard a phone number but did not attempt to encode it and so he could not remember it later. More than likely the phone number never made it past his _____ memory.

Back 35

short-term

Front 36

Alejandro is trying to memorize all 26 definitions in a chemistry booklet in the two minutes before the exam. He believes that he can store all the definitions in his short-term memory. However, his short-term memory is able to hold approximately _____ of the definitions.

Back 36

7

Front 37

Michael has met his brother's girlfriend three times. He remembers that her name starts with the letter "S" but cannot actually recall her name. This is most likely caused by a failure in:

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retrieval

Front 38

The information outside your head is called a ____________ , external information that is associated with stored information and helps bring it to mind.

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retrieval cue

Front 39

The encoding specificity principle states that a retrieval cue can serve as an effective reminder when it helps_______ the specific way in which information was initially encoded

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re-create

Front 40

State-dependent retrieval _________________. For example, retrieving information when you are in a sad or happy mood increases the likelihood that you will retrieve sad or happy episodes

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is the tendency for information to be better recalled when the person is in the same state during encoding and retrieval.

Front 41

The principle of transfer-appropriate processing is the idea that memory is likely to transfer from one situation to another when the encoding and retrieval contexts of the situations ________.

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match

Front 42

Retrieval-induced forgetting...

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is a process by which retrieving an item from long-term memory impairs subsequent recall of related items

Front 43

Retrieval cues are effective when they are given in the same context as when we encoded an experience. ____________ ____________ can serve as retrieval cues.

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Moods and inner states

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Explicit memory:

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occurs when people consciously or intentionally retrieve past experiences.

Front 45

Implicit memory:

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occurs when past experiences influence later behaviour and performance, even without an effort to remember them or an awareness of the recollection

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Such knowledge reflects a particular kind of implicit memory called _________ __________, which refers to the gradual acquisition of skills as a result of practice, or “knowing how” to do things.

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procedural memory

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Semantic memory...

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is a network of associated facts and concepts that make up our general knowledge of the world

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episodic memory

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... is the collection of past personal experiences that occurred at a particular time and place.

Front 49

Retrieval is the process by which:

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one brings to mind information that is in memory.

Front 50

Trying to remember something and actually Remembering something involve _____ processes and use _____ brain areas.

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different; different

Front 51

Amnesia patients with hippocampal damage can still form procedural memories. This suggests that:

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explicit and implicit memories are distinct systems.

Front 52

When one remembers what one knows, one is using _____ memory. When one remembers the circumstances under which one first heard this information, one is using _____ memory.

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semantic; episodic

Front 53

According to the _____ principle, it would be best to study for an exam in the same room in which one will take the exam.

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encoding specificity

Front 54

Twenty-five years from now, Tomiko is on the television show "Jeopardy." One of the answers is "This person was the 44th president of the United States." Tomiko says, "Who was Barack Obama?" and is correct. To respond correctly, Tomiko uses _____ memory.

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semantic

Front 55

As Cora watches television, she sees a commercial for a local used car dealer and then remembers that she needs to get gas for her car. Seeing the car commercial has served as a _____ for Cora.

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retrieval cue

Front 56

Krissy's _____ becomes active when she tries to recall what she received for her birthday when she was 11 years old. Successful Remembering of this information, however, requires the activity of her _____.

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frontal lobe; hippocampus

Front 57

Karalina can remember that the capital of Finland is Helsinki, but she cannot remember when she learned this information. This means that Karalina has semantic memory for this information but does not have _____ memory for when she learned it.

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episodic

Front 58

According to the _____ principle, if the questions are multiple choice, Norman should perform better on the exam than his friend does.

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transfer-appropriate processing

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Because of _____, Jon will be faster to respond to the word "cat" than the word "sun" if he just saw a picture of a cat.

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priming

Front 60

In fact, memories can and do degrade with time. The culprit here is__________: forgetting what occurs with the passage of time.

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transience

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absentmindedness:

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a lapse in attention that results in memory failure.

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In other words, you have to remember to remember, and this is called _______ ___________ , remembering to do things in the future. ( Alarm clocks)

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prospective memory

Front 63

This tip-of-the-tongue experience is a classic example of blocking:

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a failure to retrieve information that is available in memory even though you are trying to produce it.

Front 64

Memory misattribution errors, which involve assigning a recollection or an idea to a wrong source, are some of the ____________.

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primary causes of eyewitness misidentifications.

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Part of memory is knowing where our memories came from. This is known _______ ___________, recall of when, where, and how information was acquired

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source memory

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Individuals with damage to the frontal lobes are especially prone to _________________.

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memory misattribution errors

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Psychologists call the type of memory misattribution made by false recognition:

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a feeling of familiarity about something that has not been encountered before.

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Suggestibility:

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is the tendency to incorporate misleading information from external sources into personal recollections.

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bias:

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the distorting influences of present knowledge, beliefs, and feelings on recollection of previous experiences.

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consistency bias:

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exaggerates the similarity between past and present

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change bias is:

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the tendency to exaggerate differences between what we feel or believe now and what we felt or believed in the past.

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A special case of change bias is egocentric bias, the_____________ the change between present and past in order to make ourselves __________

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tendency to exaggerate; look good in retrospect.

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memory’s seventh and most deadly sin, persistence:

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the intrusive recollection of events that we wish we could forget.

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flashbulb memories:

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which are detailed recollections of when and where we heard about emotionally intense events

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The amygdala, located next to the hippocampus, responds strongly to emotional events. Individuals with amygdala damage are unable to ______________ any better than nonemotional ones

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remember emotional events

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_____ occurs when later learning impairs memory for information that was learned earlier.

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Retroactive interference

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Repeated _____ may actually produce false memories in some people.

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suggestibility

Front 78

Flexibility in one's memories and one's ability to mentally try out future scenarios help to explain the "sin' of _____.

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misattribution

Front 79

Transience describes how human memories lose detail over time, and people reconstruct memories based on _____ experience.

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GENREAL

Front 80

Having a pop-up reminder of a meeting that will occur in 15 minutes serves as an aid for _____ memory.

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PROSPECTIVE

Front 81

In 2010, Jane told her friend Alicia that she thought that tattoos were ridiculous and that no one should ever get one under any circumstance. In 2013, Jane tells Alicia that she just got a tattoo. Alicia is quite surprised because she remembers that just three years ago, Jane was absolutely opposed to tattoos. Jane insists that she was only opposed to tattoos on particular areas of the body. It is possible that Jane's memory of the past may be influenced by:

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consistency bias.

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_____ occurs because one's attention is divided.

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ABSENTMINDEDNESS

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Brianna knows that Michael was the first person to tell her about Larry's accident but she cannot remember if she told both Cyndi and Ty about Larry. Brianna is showing good _____ memory.

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good

Front 84

Amberly took four years of Spanish in high school and two years of Spanish in college. Nevertheless, only a year after she graduated from college, she realizes that she remembers very little of the Spanish language. This illustrates:

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transience

Front 85

In 2010, Xiang told her friend Addison that she thought that designer jeans were overpriced and a stupid concept and that no one should ever buy them under any circumstance. In 2013, Xiang tells Addison that she just bought a pair of designer jeans. Addison is shocked because she remembers that just three years ago, Xiang was opposed to designer jeans. Xiang insists that she was only opposed to some types of designer jeans. It is possible that Xiang's memory of the past is being influenced by _____ bias.

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consistency

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Encoding :

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is the process by which we transform what we perceive, think, or feel into an enduring memory.

Front 87

What is the process of relating new information in a meaningful way to knowledge that is already in memory?

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semantic encoding

Front 88

What kind of memory storage holds information for a second or two?

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sensory memory

Front 89

The process by which memories become stable in the brain is called__________.

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consolidation

Front 90

Long-term potentiation occurs through

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the strengthening of synaptic connection

Front 91

The increased likelihood of recalling a sad memory when you are in a sad mood is an illustration of:

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state-dependent retrieval

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true or false:

Retrieval boosts subsequent memory through the repetition of information?

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FALSE

Front 93

Neuroimaging studies suggest that trying to remember activates the:

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left frontal lobe