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29 Cards in this Set
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- 3rd side (hint)
Cell Theory
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1. Cells, or products made by cells, are the units of structure and function in organisms
2. All cells come from preexisting cells |
Ideas and data of it were contributed by many biologists; came around in the early 1800s
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Prokaryotes
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Bacteria that are everywhere, are the simplest living cells
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Nearly always unicellular
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Eukaryotes
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Larger and more complex than prokaryotes; have many parts, each with a specific function
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Can form multicellular organisms: plants, animals, fungi
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Nucleus
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Membrane-enclosed structure contains the DNA of eukaryotic cells
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"The brain"
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Chromosome
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Made of a continuous, circular molecule of double-stranded DNA
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Attached to the plasma membrane in the nucleoid
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Nucleoid
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Area of the cell also known as the nuclear region
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Similar to the nucleus but lacks a selectively permeable nuclear membrane
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Plasmids
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Small, circular DNA molecules
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Extrachromosomal elements that contain a few genes that help bacteria survive under specific conditions
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Flagella
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Long, whiplike extensions made of protein that rotate like propellers, enabling cells to swim through water or bodily fluids of larger organisms
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These cells swim toward food and away from harmful substances such as strong acids
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Cell/Plasma Membrane
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Encloses the contents of both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells
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Cell Wall
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A rigid structure composed of stuff fibers of cellulose and other complex carbohydrates
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Supports and protects the cell
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Ribosomes
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Small bodies composed of RNA and protein
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They catalyze the synthesis of a cell's proteins
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Cytoplasm
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Cellular material within the plasma membrane but outside the nucleus
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Includes the cytosol and the organelles
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Cytosol
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Protein-rich, semifluid material in the cell that surrounds and bathes the organelles
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Basically the same thing as cytoplasm
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Organelles
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Small functional parts of eukaryotic cells
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Any part of a eukaryotic cell that has its own structure and function
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Nucleolus (plural: nucleoli)
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Site where types of RNA that will become part of the cell's protein-synthesizing machinery are synthesized
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Cytoskeleton
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Network of several types of very fine protein fibers helps to shape the cell and organize the cytoplasm
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Changes in this protein scaffolding also enable some cells to move or change shape
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ER "endoplasmic reticulum"
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System of membranes that form tubes and channels throughout the cytoplasm
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Connects many of the organelles in the cell
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Golgi
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Organelle that consists of a series of membranous sacs that look like a stack of pancakes
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"Golgi apparatus"
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Vesicles
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Spherical in shape and enclosed with membranes that pinch off of the Golgi membranes
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Can fuse with the plasma membrane, releasing their contents outside of the cell
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Lysosomes
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Contain enzymes that break down the cell's old macromolecules for recycling
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Special vesicles in animal cells and some other eukaryotes
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Vacuoles
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Present in most plant cells, vesicles that enlarge as the cells mature
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Contain water, organic acids, digestive enzymes, salts, and pigments that give plant parts their characteristic color
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Centrioles
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Tubular structures in the cells of animals and some fungi and algae
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They participate in cell reproduction in those organisms
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Cilia
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Short flagella, move cells along by whipping in an oar like motion against the fluid surrounding a cell
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Can help move material along a cell or tissue
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Colony
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A group of microorganisms
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The members interact in ways that give them an advantage over isolated organisms, but each member is still a seperate organism
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Multicellular
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(Organism) that consists of many cells
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Animals, plants, fungi
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Tissue
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Specialized mass or layer of cells
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May be organized into organs
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Organ
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An organized group of tissues that carries on a specialized function in a multicellular organism
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Eyes, heart, etc. May be organized incorporated into systems
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Organ System
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System made up of organs
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Example: a circulatory system includes the heart, blood vessels, and blood
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Organism
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Individual of a species; a single living thing
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