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342 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Abdominal pain, ascites, hepatomegaly?
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Budd-Chiari syndrome (posthepatic venous thrombosis)
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Achilles tendon xanthoma?
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Familial hypercholesterolemia (type 2a)
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Adrenal hemorrhage, hypotension, DIC?
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Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome (meningococcemia)
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Arachnodactyly, lens dislocation, aortic dissection, hyperflexible joints?
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Marfan's syndrome (fibrillin defect)
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Back pain, fever, night sweats, weight loss?
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Pott's disease (vertebral tuberculosis)
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Big toe extension / fanning upon plantar scrape?
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Babinski sign (UMN lesion)
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Bilateral hilar adenopathy, uveitis?
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Sarcoidosis
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Blue sclera?
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Osteogenesis imperfecta (collagen defect)
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Bluish line on gingiva?
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Burton's line (lead poisoning)
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Bone pain, bone enlargement, arthritis?
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Paget's disease of bone (increase activity of both osteoblasts and osteoclasts)
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Cafe-au-lait spots, Lisch nodules?
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Neurofibromatosis 1 (chr. 17)
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Calf pseudohypertrophy?
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Muscular dystrophy (most commonly Duchennes)
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"Cherry-red spot" on macula?
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Tay-Sachs (ganglioside accumulation)
Niemann-Pick (lysosomal storage disease) |
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Chest pain, pericardial effusion, friction rub, persistent fever - all following an MI?
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Dressler's syndrome (autoimmune-mediated post-MI fibrinous pericarditis)
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Child uses arms to stand up from squat?
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Gower's sign (Duchenne's MD)
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Child with fever develops red rash on face that spreads to body?
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"Slapped cheeks" (erythema infectiosum / fifth disease) from parvovirus B19 infection
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Chorea, dementia, caudate degeneration?
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Huntington's disease (autosomal dominant expansion of CAG)
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Chronic exercise intolerance with myalgia, fatigue, painful cramps?
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McArdle's disease
A deficiency in muscle phosphorylase |
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Cold intolerance?
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Hypothyroidism
|
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Conjugate lateral gaze palsy, horizontal diplopia?
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Internuclear ophthalmoplegia
Damage to the MLF Bilateral = multiple sclerosis, unilateral = stroke |
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Continuous "machinery" heart murmur?
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PDA
Can close w/ indomethacin, can keep open with misoprostol |
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Cutaneous / dermal edema due to connective tissue deposition?
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Myxedema (hypothyroidism, Grave's disease)
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Dark purple skin, mouth nodules?
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Kaposi's sarcoma
Associated with HHV-8; almost seen invariably in AIDS-positive men only |
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Deep, labored breathing / hyperventilation?
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Kussmaul breathing
Seen in DKA |
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Dermatitis, dementia, diarrhea?
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Pellagra
Deficiency in niacin (B3) |
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Dilated cardiomyopathy, edema, polyneuropathy?
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Wet beriberi
Deficiency in thiamine (B1) |
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Dog or cat bite resulting in infection?
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Pasturella multocida
|
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Dry eyes, dry mouth, arthritis?
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Sjogren's syndrome
Associated with SS-A and SS-B antibodies |
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Dysphagia (esophageal webs), glossitis, iron deficiency anemia?
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Plummer-Vinson syndrome
May progress to esophageal SCC |
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Elastic skin, hyper-mobility of joints?
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Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (collagen defect)
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Enlarged, hard left supraclavicular node?
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Virchow's node (abdominal metastasis)
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Erythroderma, lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, atypical T-cells?
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Sezary syndrome (cutaneous T-cell lymphoma), or mycosis fungoides
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Facial muscle spasm upon tapping?
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Chvostek's sign
Seen in hypocalcemia |
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Symptoms of Sezary syndrome / mycosis fungoides?
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Erythroderma, lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, atypical T-cells
|
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Fat, female, forty, and fertile?
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Acute cholecystitis from bile duct blockage due to stone
|
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Fever, chills, headache, myalgia following antibiotic treatment for syphilis?
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Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction
From rapid lysis of spirochetes, which results in toxin release |
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Fever, cough, conjunctivitis, coryza, diffuse rash?
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Measles (morbillivirus)
|
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Fever, night sweats, weight loss?
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B-cell lymphoma
|
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Fibrous plaques in soft tissue of penis?
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Peyronie's disease
Is a connective tissue disorder |
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Gout, mental retardation, self-mutilating behavior in a boy?
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Lesch-Nyhan syndrome
Deficiency in HGPRT |
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Green-yellow rings around the peripheral cornea?
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Kayser-Fleischer rings
Due to copper accumulation from Wilson's disease |
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Hamartomous GI polyps, hyperpigmentation of mouth/feet/hands
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Peutz-Jeghers syndrome
|
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Hepatosplenomegaly, osteoporosis, neurologic symptoms?
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Gaucher's disease
Deficiency of glucocerebrosidase |
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Hereditary nephritis, sensorineural hearing loss, cataracts?
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Alport's syndrome
Mutation in collagen type 4 |
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Hypercoagulability leading to migrating DVTs and vasculitis?
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Trousseau's sign
Seen in conjunction with adenocarcinoma of the pancreas or lung |
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Hyperphagia, hypersexuality, hyperorality, hyperdocility?
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Kluver-Bucy syndrome (bilateral amygdala lesion)
|
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HTN, hypokalemia, metabolic alkalosis?
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Conn's syndrome
Primary hyperaldosteronism from adrenal hyperplasia or adenoma |
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Hypoxemia, polycythemia, hypercapnia?
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"Blue-bloater" seen in chronic bronchitis
|
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Undurated, non-tender ulcerated genital lesion?
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Chancre from primary syphilis
|
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Infant with failure to thrive, hepatosplenomegaly, neurodegeneration?
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Niemann-Pick disease
Deficiency in sphingomyelinase |
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Infant with hypoglycemia, failure to thrive, and hepatomegaly?
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Cori disease
Deficiency in debranching enzyme Also describes von Gierke's |
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Infant with microcephaly, rocker-bottom feet, and VSD/structural heart defect?
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Edward's syndrome (trisomy 18)
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Jaundice, RUQ pain, fever?
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Charcot's triad
Seen in ascending cholangitis |
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Keratin pearls on a skin lesion?
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SCC
|
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Large rash with a bull's-eye appearance?
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Erythema chronicum migrans from a tick bite
Seen in Lyme disease (Borrelia burgdorferi) |
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Lucid interval after a traumatic brain injury?
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Epidural hematoma
|
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Male child, recurrent infections, no mature B-cells?
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Bruton's X-linked agammaglobulinemia
|
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Mucosal bleeding and prolonged bleeding time?
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Glanzmann's thrombasthenia
A defect in platelet aggregation due to lack of GpIIb/IIIa |
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Multiple colon polyps, osteomas/soft tissue tumors, impacted/supernumerary teeth?
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Gardner's syndrome (genetic disorder; predisposes to colon cancer)
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Necrotizing vasculitis of the lungs and necrotizing glomerulonephritis?
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Wegener's and Goodpasture's syndromes
|
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Neonate with arm paralysis following a difficult birth?
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Erb-Duchenne palsy
Due to a superior trunk injury; causes a "waiter's tip" |
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No lactation postpartum, absent menstruation, cold intolerance?
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Sheehan's syndrome
|
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Nystagmus, intention tremor, scanning speech?
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Charcot's triad for multiple sclerosis
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Oscillating slow/fast breathing?
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Cheyne-Stokes respirations
Seen in central apnea in CHF or increased intracranial pressure |
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Painful blue fingers/toes, hemolytic anemia?
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Cold agglutinin disease
Seen in autoimmune hemolytic anemia caused by Mycoplasma, or in infectious mononucleosis |
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Painful, pale, cold fingers/toes?
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Raynaud's syndrome (vasospasm in the extremitis)
|
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Painful, raised red lesions on palms and soles?
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Osler's node
Seen in infectious endocarditis |
|
Painless jaundice?
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Cancer of the pancreatic head obstructing the bile duct
|
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Palpable purpura, joint pain, abdominal pain in a child?
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Henoch-Schonlein purpura
An IgA vasculitis that affects the skin and kidneys |
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Pancreatic, pituitary, and parathyroid tumors?
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Wermer's syndrome (MEN 1)
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Pink complexion, dyspnea, hyperventilation?
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"Pink puffer" seen in emphysema
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Polyostotic fibrous dysplasia, precocious puberty, cafe-au-lait spots, short stature in a young girl?
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McCune-Albright syndrome
A mosaic mutation in G-protein signaling |
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Polyuria, acidosis, growth failure, electrolyte imbalances?
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Fanconi's syndrome
A defect in proximal tubular reabsorption |
|
Positive anterior "drawer sign"?
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ACL injury
|
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Ptosis, miosis, anhydrosis?
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Horner's syndrome
|
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Pupil accommodates but doesn't react?
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Argyll-Robertson pupil seen in neurosyphilis
|
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Rapidly progresssive leg weakness that ascends, following a GI/upper respiratory infection?
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Guillain-Barre syndrome
|
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Rash on palms and soles?
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Secondary syphilis
Also seen in Rocky Mountain spotted fever, hand-foot-mouth disease (coxsackie A) |
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Recurrent colds, unusual eczema, high serum IgE?
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Job's syndrome
Hyper-IgE syndrome; is an abnormality in neutrophil chemotaxis |
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Red "currant jelly" sputum?
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Klebsiella pneumoniae
|
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Red. itchy, swollen rash of the nipple/areola?
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Paget's disease of the breast
Usually there is an underlying ductal carcinoma |
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Red urine in the morning?
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Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria
|
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Renal cell carcinoma, hemangioblastomas, angiomatosis, pheochromocytoma?
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VHL disease
|
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Resting tremor, rigidity, akinesia, postural instability?
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Parkinson's disease
|
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Restrictive cardiomyopathy (juvenile form has cardiomegaly), exercise intolerance?
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Pompe's disease
Deficiency in lysosomal glucosidase |
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Retinal hemorrhages with PALE centers?
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Roth's spots
Seen in bacterial endocarditis |
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Severe jaundice in neonate?
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Crigler-Najjar syndrome
|
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Severe RLQ pain with rebound tenderness?
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McBurney's sign for appendicitis
|
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Short stature, increased incidence of tumors/leukemia, aplastic anemia?
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Fanconi's anemia; is an inherited defect in DNA repair
Often progresses to AML |
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Single palm crease?
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Simian crease seen in Down syndrome
|
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Situs inversus, chronic sinusitis, bronchiectasis?
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Kartagener's syndrome
Defect in ciliary dynein |
|
Skin hyperpigmentation?
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Addison's disease
Primary adrenocortical insufficiency |
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Slow, progressive muscle weakness in boys?
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Becker's muscular dystrophy
Deficiency, not absence, of dystrophin |
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Small, irregular red spots on buccal/lingual mucosa with blue-white centers?
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Koplik spots in measles
|
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Small, nontender, erythematous lesions on palms and soles?
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Janeway lesions in infectious endocarditis
|
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Smooth, flat, moist white lesions on genitals?
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Condylomata lata
Seen in secondary syphilis |
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Splinter hemorrhages in fingernails?
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Bacterial endocarditis
|
|
"Strawberry tongue"?
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Scarlet fever
Kawasaki disease Toxic shock syndrome |
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Streak ovaries, congenital heart disease, horseshoe kidney?
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Turner's syndrome
45 XO; will also see short stature, webbed neck, and lymphedema |
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Sudden swollen/painful big toe joint, tophi?
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Gout/podagra
Yellow when parallel! |
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Swollen gums, mucous bleeding, poor wound healing, spots on skin?
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Scurvy
Vitamin C deficiency; can't hydroxylate proline/lysine for collagen synthesis |
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Swollen, hard, painful finger joints?
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Osteoarthritis
Bouchard's nodes on PIP, Heberden's nodes on DIP |
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Systolic ejection murmur (crescendo-decrescendo)?
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Aortic valve stenosis
|
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Thyroid, parathyroid, and adrenal tumors?
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Sipple's syndrome (MEN 2A)
|
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Ulcerated genital lesions with exudate, painful?
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Chancroid (Haemophilus ducreyi)
|
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Unilateral facial drooping?
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Bell's palsy
A LMN palsy of CN7 |
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Urethritis, conjunctivitis, arthritis in a male?
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Reiter's syndrome
A reactive arthritis associated with HLA-B27 |
|
Vascular birthmark (port-wine stain)?
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Hemangioma
Is benign, but associated with Sturge-Weber syndrome |
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Vasculitis from exposure to endotoxin causing glomerular thrombosis?
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Shwartzman reaction
Seen following a second exposure to endotoxin |
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Vomiting blood following esophagogastric lacerations?
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Mallory-Weiss syndrome
Seen in alcoholic and eating disorders |
|
"Waxy" casts with very low urine flow?
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Chronic end-stage renal disease / CHF
|
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WBC casts in urine?
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Acute pyelonephritis
|
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Weight loss, diarrhea, arthritis, fever, adenopathy?
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Whipple's disease
Caused by Tropheryma whippelii |
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"Worst headache of my life"
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Subarachnoid hemorrhage
Can be caused by a berry aneurysm or AV-malformations (will see seizures in these) |
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Anti-centromere antibodies?
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Scleroderma (CREST)
|
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Anti-desmoglein (epithelial) antibodies?
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Pemphigus vulgaris (blistering)
|
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Anti-glomerular basement membrane antibodies?
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Goodpasture's syndrome
|
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Antihistone antibodies?
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Drug-induced SLE
|
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Anti-IgG antibodies?
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Rheumatoid arthritis
|
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Anti-mitochondrial antibodies?
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Primary biliary cirrhosis
|
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Anti-nuclear antibodies (ANA; anti-Smith, anti-dsDNA)?
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SLE
|
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Anti-platelet antibodies?
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Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura
|
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Anti-topoisomerase antibodies?
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Diffuse systemic scleroderma
|
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Anti-transglutaminase / anti-gliadin antibodies?
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Celiac disease (diarrhea + distension + weight loss)
|
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Azurophilic granular needles in leukemic blasts?
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Auer rods
|
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"Bamboo" spine on X-ray?
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Ankylosing spondylitis
|
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Basophilic nuclear remnants in RBCs?
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Howell-Jolly bodies (seen in splenectomy or a non-functional spleen)
|
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Basophilic stippling of RBCs?
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Lead poisoning or sideroblastic anemia
|
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Bloody tap on LP?
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Subarachnoid hemorrhage
|
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"Boot-shaped" heart on X-ray?
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Tetralogy of Fallot
Right ventricular hypertrophy |
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Branching gram-positive rods with sulfur granules?
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Actinomyces israelii
|
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Bronchogenic apical lung tumor?
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Pancoast's tumor
|
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"Brown" tumor of bone?
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Hyperparathyroidism
Osteitis fibrosa cystica (von Recklinghausen's disease of bone) |
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Cardiomegaly with apical atrophy?
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Chagas' disease (Trypanosoma cruzi)
|
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Cellular crescents in Bowman's capsule?
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Rapidly progressive crescentic glomerulonephritis
|
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"Chocolate cyst" of ovary?
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Endometriosis (frequently involves both ovaries)
|
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Circular grouping of dark tumor cells surrounding pale neurofibrils?
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Homer-Wright rosettes
Seen in neuroblastoma, medulloblastoma, retinoblastoma |
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Colonies of mucoid Pseudomonas in lung?
|
Cystic fibrosis
|
|
Degeneration of dorsal column nerves?
|
Tabes dorsalis
Tertiary syphilis |
|
Depigmentation of neurons in substantia nigra?
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Parkinson's disease
|
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Desquamated granulosa cells in eosinophilic fluid?
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Call-Exner bodies
Seen in granulosa-theca cell tumor of the ovary |
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Desquamated epithelium casts in sputum?
|
Curschmann's spirals
Seen in bronchial asthma |
|
Dysplastic squamous cervical cells with nuclear enlargement and hyperchromasia?
|
Koilocytes seen in HPV
|
|
Enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusion bodies?
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"Owls-eye" appearance of CMV
|
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Enlarged thyroid cells with ground-glass nuclei?
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"Orphan Annie" eye nuclei
Seen in papillary thyroid carcinoma |
|
Eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusion in liver cell?
|
Mallory bodies
Seen in alcoholic liver disease |
|
Eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusion in nerve cell?
|
Lewy body
Seen in Parkinson's disease |
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Eosinophilic globule in liver?
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Councilman body
Seen in toxic or viral hepatitis; often in yellow fever |
|
Eosinophilic inclusion bodies in cytoplasm of hippocampal nerve cells?
|
Rabies virus
|
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Extracellular amyloid deposition ion gray matter of brain?
|
Senile plaques
Seen in Alzheimer's disease |
|
Giant B cells with bilobed nuclei with prominent inclusions "owl's eye"?
|
Reed-Sternberg cells
|
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Glomerulus-like structure surrounding vessel in germ cells?
|
Schiller-Duval bodies
Seen in yolk sac tumors |
|
"Hair-on-end" (crew-cut) appearance on X-ray?
|
Extra-medullary hematopoiesis
Seen in states such as B-thalassemia, sickle cell anemia |
|
Elevated hCG?
|
Choriocarcinoma, hydatidiform mole
|
|
Inflammatory nodules on the heart?
|
Aschoff bodies
Seen in rheumatic fever |
|
Heterophile antibodies?
|
Infectious mononucleosis from EBV
|
|
Hexagonal, double-pointed, needle-like crystals in bronchial secretions?
|
Charcot-Leyden crystals
Seen in asthma |
|
High level of d-dimers?
|
DVT, pulmonary embolism, DIC
|
|
"Honeycomb lung" on X-ray?
|
Interstitial fibrosis
|
|
Hypersegmented neutrophils?
|
Megaloblastic anemia
|
|
Hypochromic, microcytic anemia?
|
Iron deficiency anemia, lead poisoning, thalassemias
|
|
Increased alpha-fetoprotein in amniotic fluid / maternal serum?
|
Neural tube defects
Anencephaly, spina bifida, etc |
|
Increased uric acid levels?
|
Gout
Lesch-Nyhan syndrome Myeloproliferative disorders Loop and thiazide diuretics |
|
Intranuclear eosinophilic droplet-like bodies?
|
Cowdry type A bodies
Seen in HSV or yellow fever |
|
Iron-containing nodules in alveolar septum?
|
Ferruginous bodies
Seen in asbestosis |
|
Large lysosomal vesicles in phagocytes, immuncompromised?
|
Chediak-Higashi disease
Failure of phagolysosome formation |
|
Low serum ceruloplasmin?
|
Wilson's disease
|
|
"Lumpy-bumpy" appearance of glomeruli on immunoflourescence?
|
Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis
"starry sky" |
|
Lytic ("hole-punched") bone lesions on X-ray?
|
Multiple myeloma
|
|
Mammary gland ("blue-domed") cyst?
|
Fibrocystic change of breast
|
|
Monoclonal antibody spike?
|
1. Multiple myeloma (called the M protein, usually IgG or IgA)
2. Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance 3. Waldenstrom's (IgM) macroglobulinemia 4. Plasmacytoma (IgG) |
|
Monoclonal globulin protein in blood / urine?
|
Bence-Jones proteins (are kappa or lambda Ig light chains)
|
|
Mucin-filled cell with peripheral nucleus?
|
Signet ring cell
Seen in gastric carcinoma |
|
Narrowing of bowel lumen on barium radiograph?
|
"String sign"
Seen in Crohn's disease |
|
Needle-shaped, negatively birefringent crystals?
|
Gout (hyperuricemia)
|
|
Nodular hyaline deposits in glomeruli?
|
Kimmelstiel-Wilson nodules (diabetic nephropathy)
|
|
"Nutmeg" appearance of liver?
|
Chronic passive congestion of liver due to RHF
|
|
"Onion-skin" periosteal reaction?
|
Ewing's sarcoma (malignant round-cell tumor)
|
|
Periosteum raised from bone, creating triangular area?
|
Codman's triangle on X-ray
Seen in osteosarcoma, Ewing's sarcoma, pyogenic osteomyelitis |
|
Podocyte fusion on EM?
|
Minimal change disease
|
|
Polished, "ivory-like" appearance of bone at cartilage erosion?
|
Eburnation (osteoarthritis resulting in bony sclerosis)
|
|
Protein aggregates in neurons from hyperphosphorylation of protein tau?
|
Neurofibrillary tangles
Seen in Alzheimer's disease and CJD |
|
Pseudopalisade tumor cell arrangement?
|
Glioblastoma multiforme
|
|
RBC casts in urine?
|
Acute glomerulonephritis
|
|
Rectangular, crystal-like inclusions in Leydig cells?
|
Reinke crystals
Seen in a Leydig cell tumor |
|
Renal epithelial casts in urine?
|
Acute toxic / viral nephrosis
|
|
Rhomboid crystals, positively birefringent?
|
Pseudogout (calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate)
|
|
Rib notching?
|
Coarctation of the aorta
|
|
Sheets of medium-sized lymphoid cells ("starry sky" appearance on histology)?
|
Burkitt's lymphoma
t(8;14) c-myc activation; associated with EBV |
|
Sliver-staining spherical aggregation of tau proteins in neurons?
|
Pick bodies
Seen in Pick's disease, a progressive dementia similar to Alzheimer's |
|
Small granulomatous lesion in lungs that can calcify?
|
Ghon focus
Seen in primary TB |
|
Small, round RBC inclusions?
|
Heinz bodies
Seen in G6PD deficiency, a-thalassemia, chronic liver disease |
|
"Soap bubble" on X-ray?
|
Giant cell tumor of bone (is generally benign)
|
|
"Spikes" on basement membrane, "dome-like" endothelial deposits?
|
Membranous glomerulonephritis
|
|
Stacks of red blood cells?
|
Rouleaux formation
Seen w/ a high ESR and in multiple myeloma |
|
Stippled vaginal epithelial cells?
|
"Clue cells"
Seen in Gardnerella vaginalis |
|
"Tennis-racket"-shaped cytoplasmic organelles (EM) in Langerhans cells?
|
Birbeck granules
Seen in histiocytosis X, eosinophilic granuloma |
|
Thrombi made of white / red layers?
|
Lines of Zahn (arterial thrombus, layers of platelets / RBCs)
|
|
"Thumb sign" on lateral X-ray?
|
Epiglottitis
Caused by H. influenzae |
|
Thyroid-like appearance of kidney?
|
Chronic bacterial pyelonephritis
|
|
"Tram-track" appearance on LM?
|
Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis
|
|
Triglyceride accumulation in liver cell vacuoles?
|
Fatty liver disease
Seen in alcoholic or metabolic syndrome |
|
WBCs that look "smudged"?
|
CLL
Almost always B-cell; affects the elderly |
|
"Wire loop" glomerular appearance on LM?
|
Lupus nephropathy
|
|
Yellow CSF?
|
Xanthochromia
Seen w/ a subarachnoid hemorrhage |
|
Actinic (solar) keratosis leads to?
|
SCC
|
|
Acute gastric ulcer associated with CNS injury?
|
Cushing's ulcer
Increased ICP stimulates vagal gastric secretion |
|
Acute gastric ulcer associated with severe burns?
|
Curling's ulcer
Greatly reduced plasma volume results in sloughing of gastric mucosa |
|
Alternating areas of transmural inflammation and normal colon?
|
Skip lesions
Seen in Crohn's disease |
|
Etiology of a dissecting aneurysm?
|
HTN
|
|
Etiology of an aortic aneurysm in the abdominal and descending aorta?
|
Atherosclerosis
|
|
Etiology of an aortic aneurysm in the ascending aorta?
|
Tertiary syphilis
|
|
Atrophy of the mamillary bodies?
|
Wernicke's encephalopathy
Thiamine deficiency causes ataxia, ophthalmoplegia, and confusion |
|
Autosplenectomy (fibrosis and shrinkage)?
|
Sickle cell anemia
|
|
Bacteremia / pneumonia in an IV drug user?
|
S. aureus
|
|
Bacteria associated with stomach cancer?
|
H. pylori
|
|
Bacterial meningitis (adults and elderly)?
|
Pneumococcus
|
|
Bacterial meningitis (newborns and kids)?
|
Group B strep = newborns
Pneumococcus and N meningitidis = kids |
|
Benign melanocytic nevus?
|
Spitz nevus
Most common in the first 2 decades |
|
Bleeding disorder with GpIb deficiency?
|
Bernard-Soulier disease
A defect in platelet adhesion |
|
Brain tumor (location and frequencies for adults)?
|
Supratentorial
Metastatic > astrocytoma > meningioma > schwannoma |
|
Brain tumor (location and types for kids)?
|
Infratentorial
Medulloblastoma, craniopharyngioma |
|
Most common breast cancer?
|
Infiltrating ductal carcinoma
1 in 8 women in the US develop breast cancer |
|
Breast mass?
|
Fibrocystic change
Carcinoma in a post-menopausal woman until proven otherwise |
|
Benign breast tumor?
|
Fibroadenoma
|
|
Bug in debilitated, hospitalized pneumonia patient?
|
Klebsiella
|
|
Primary cardiac tumor seen in kids?
|
Rhabdomyoma
|
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Cardiac manifestation of lupus?
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Libman-Sacks endocarditis
Is non-bacterial; affects the mitral valve |
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Types of cardiac tumors in adults?
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Metastasis
Primary myxoma (4:1 left to right atrium; "ball and valve") |
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Most common cardiomyopathy?
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Dilated cardiomyopathy
40% are familial |
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Cerebellar tonsilar herniation?
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Arnold-Chiari malformation (often causes hydrocephalus)
Type 1 = asymptomatic Type 2 = symptomatic |
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Chronic arrhythmia?
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Atrial fibrillation (associated with high risk of emboli)
|
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Chronic atrophic gastritis (autoimmune)?
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Predisposition to gastric carcinoma
Can also cause pernicious anemia |
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Clear cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina?
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DES exposure in utero
|
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MCC of congenital adrenal hyperplasia?
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21-hydroxylase deficiency
|
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Most common congenital cardiac anomaly?
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VSD
|
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Congenital conjugated hyperbilirubinemia, black liver?
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Dubin-Johnson syndrome
An inability of hepatocytes to secrete conjugated bilirubin into bile |
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MCC of constrictive pericarditis in developing world?
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Tuberculosis
|
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Common coronary arteries involved in thrombosis?
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LAD > RCA > LCA
|
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Cretinism?
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Iodine deficiency / hypothyroidism
|
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1st and 2nd MCC of Cushing's syndrome?
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Corticosteroid therapy
Excess ACTH secretion by the pituitary |
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Cyanosis (early; less common)
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Tetralogy of Fallot, transposition of great vessels, truncus arteriosus
|
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Cyanosis (late; more common)
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VSD, ASD, PDA
|
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Cause of death in CML?
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Blast crisis
|
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Cause of death in SLE?
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Lupus nephropathy
|
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Cause of dementia?
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Alzheimer's disease
Multiple infacrts |
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Demyelinating disease?
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Multiple sclerosis
|
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Causes of DIC?
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Gram-neg sepsis
Obstetric complications Cancer Burn trauma |
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Most common dietary deficit?
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Iron
|
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Most common diverticulum in the pharynx?
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Zenker's diverticulum
Diagnosed via barium swallow |
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Cause of an ejection click?
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Aortic or pulmonic stenosis
|
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Most common esophageal cancer?
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SCC worldwide, adenocarcinoma in the US
|
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MCC of food poisoning?
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S. aureus
|
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Most common gene involved in cancer?
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p53 tumor suppressor gene
|
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MCC of glomerulonephritis in adults?
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Berger's disease (IgA nephropathy)
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Most common gynecologic malignancy?
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Endometrial carcinoma
|
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MCC of a heart murmur?
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Mitral valve prolapse
|
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Affected heart valves in bacterial endocarditis?
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Mitral (rheumatic fever)
Tricuspid (IV drug abuse) Aortic (2nd valve affected in rheumatic fever) |
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Most common helminth infections in the US?
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Enterobius vermicularis
Ascaris lumbricoides |
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MCC of epidural hematoma?
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Rupture of middle meningeal artery
|
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MCC of subdural hematoma?
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Rupture of bridging veins
|
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MCC of hemochromatosis?
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Multiple blood transfusions
Can result in CHF and increased risk of HCC |
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MCC of hepatocellular carcinoma?
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Cirrhotic liver (often associated with hepB and hepC)
|
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Most common hereditary bleeding disorder?
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von Willebrand's disease
|
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Most common hereditary harmless jaundice?
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Gilbert's syndrome
I.e. benign congenital unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia |
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HLA-B27?
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Ankylosing spondylitis
Reiter's syndrome Ulcerative colitis |
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HLA-DR3 or -DR4?
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Diabetes mellitus type 1
Rheumatoid arthritis SLE |
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Cause of a holosystolic murmur?
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VSD
Tricuspid regurgitation Mitral regurgitation |
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Hypercoagulability, endothelial damage, blood stasis?
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Virchow's triad
|
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MCC of secondary HTN?
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Renal disease
|
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MCC of hypoparathyroidism?
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Thyroidectomy
|
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MCC of hypopituitarism?
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Pituitary adenoma
|
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Most common infection in blood transfusions?
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Hepatitis C
|
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Types of kidney stones?
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1. Calcium = radiopaque
2. Struvite (ammonium) = radiopaque; need a urease positive organism 3. Uric acid = radiolucent |
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Late cyanotic shunt causes uncorrected L -->R to become R --> L?
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Eisenmenger's syndrome
Caused by ASD, VSD, PDA; results in pulmonary HTN and polycythemia |
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MCC of liver disease?
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Alcoholic liver disease
|
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Most common lysosomal storage disease?
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Gaucher's disease
|
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Most common male cancer?
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Prostatic carcinoma
|
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Most common malignancy associated with non-infectious fever?
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Hodgkin's lymphoma
|
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Most common malignant skin tumor?
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BCC
They rarely metastasize! |
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MCC of inherited mental retardation?
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Down syndrome
Fragile X syndrome |
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Cancers that metastasize to bone?
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Breast, lung, thyroid, testes, prostate, kidney
|
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Cancers that metastasize to brain?
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Lung, breast, skin (melenoma), kidney, GI
|
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Cancers that metastasize to liver?
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Colon, gastric, pancreatic, breast, lung
|
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MCC of mitral valve stenosis?
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Rheumatic heart disease
|
|
Common motor neuron disease?
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Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
|
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MCC of myocarditis?
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Coxsackie B virus
|
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Most common neoplasms in kids?
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ALL
Cerebellar medulloblastoma |
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MCC of nephrotic syndrome in adults?
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Membranous glomerulonephritis
|
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MCC of nephrotic syndrome in kids?
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Minimal change disease
Associated with infections / vaccinations; treat with corticosteroids |
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MCC of obstruction of the male urinary tract?
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BPH
|
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MCC of an opening snap?
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Mitral stenosis
|
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Most common opportunistic infection in AIDS?
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Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia
|
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Most common organ receiving metastases?
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Adrenal glands, due to its rich blood supply
|
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Common organs sending metastases?
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Lung > breast > stomach
|
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MCC of osteomyelitis?
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S. aureas
|
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Osteomyelitis in pts with sickle cell disease?
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Salmonella
|
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Osteomyelitis with IV drug abuse?
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Pseudomonas
|
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Ovarian metastasis from gastric carcinoma or breast cancer?
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Krukenburg tumor
Are mucin-secreting signet-ring cells |
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Most common benign ovarian tumor?
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Serous cystadenoma
|
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Most common malignant ovarian tumor?
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Serous cystadenocarcinoma
|
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Most common pancreatic tumor?
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Adenocarcinoma of the head of the pancreas
|
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MCC of acute pancreatitis?
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EtOH and gallstones
|
|
MCC of chronic pancreatitis?
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EtOH (adults)
Cystic fibrosis (kids) |
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Ages of patients with ALL, CLL, AML, and CML?
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ALL = child
CML = adult 35 to 50 AML = adult > 60 CLL = adult > 60 |
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Most common profile of a patient w/ Hodgkin's disease?
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Young male
Except for nodular sclerosis type, which is most commonly a young female |
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MCC of pelvic inflammatory disease?
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N. gonorrhoeae
Will see a monoarticular arthritis |
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Philadelphia chromosome t(9;22) (bcr-abl)?
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CML
May sometimes be associated with ALL / AML |
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Most common pituitary tumor?
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Prolactinoma
2nd most common = somatotropic "acidophilic" adenoma |
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MCC of hospital-acquired pneumonia?
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Klebsiella
|
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MCC of primary amenorrhea?
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Turner's syndrome (45 XO)
|
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MCC of primary bone tumor in adults?
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Multiple myeloma
|
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Cause of Conn's syndrome?
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Adenoma of adrenal cortex
|
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Causes of primary hyperparathyroidism?
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Adenomas
Hyperplasia Carcinoma |
|
MCC of pulmonary HTN?
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COPD
|
|
Recurrent inflammation / thrombosis of small / medium vessels in extremities?
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Buerger's disease
Strongly associated with tobacco |
|
Renal tumors (associations, paraneoplastic syndromes)?
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Renal cell carcinoma
Associated with VHL and adult polycystic kidney disease Paraneoplastic syndromes = erythropoietin, renin, PTH, ACTH |
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Right heart failure due to a pulmonary cause?
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Cor pulmonale
|
|
S3 (protodiastolic gallop)?
|
Caused by increased ventricular filling
Seen in L --> R shunt, mitral regurgitation, CHF |
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S4 (pre-systolic gallop)?
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Stiff / hypertrophic ventricle
Seen in aortic stenosis, restrictive cardiomyopathy |
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MCC of secondary hyperparathyroidism?
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Hypocalcemia of chronic kidney disease
|
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Most common sexually transmitted disease?
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Chlamydia
|
|
MCC of SIADH?
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Small cell carcinoma of the lung
|
|
Most common site of diverticula?
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Sigmoid colon
|
|
Common sites of metastasis?
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Regional lymph nodes
Liver |
|
Sites of atherosclerosis?
|
Abdominal aorta > coronary > popliteal > carotid
|
|
Most common stomach cancer type?
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Adenocarcinoma
|
|
Stomach ulcerations and high gastrin levels?
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Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (gastrinoma of the duodenum or pancreas)
|
|
t(14;18)?
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Follicular lymphomas
bcl-2 activation |
|
t(8;14)?
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Burkitt's lymphoma
c-myc activation |
|
t(9;22)?
|
Philadelphia chromosome
bcr-abl hybrid |
|
Sequelae of temporal arteritis?
|
Risk of ipsilateral blindness due to thrombosis of ophthalmic artery
|
|
Most common testicular tumor?
|
Seminoma
Positive for placental alkaline phosphatase (PLAP) |
|
Most common tumor in women?
|
Leiomyoma (are estrogen dependent)
|
|
Most common tumor of infancy?
|
Hemangioma
|
|
Tumor of the adrenal medulla in adults?
|
Pheochromocytoma
Are usually benign |
|
Tumor of the adrenal medulla in kids?
|
Neuroblastoma
Are usually malignant |
|
Types of Hodgkin's lymphoma?
|
Nodular sclerosis vs. mixed cellularity / lymphocytic predominance / lymphocytic depletion
|
|
Types of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma?
|
Diffuse large cell
|
|
MCC of UTI?
|
E. coli
Staph saprophyticus in a young woman |
|
MCC of viral encephalitis?
|
HSV
|
|
Most common vitamin deficiency in the US?
|
Folate
Pregnant women are at high risk; body stores only 3- to 4-month supply |