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84 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are the functions of blood?
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- Convey nutrients and waste
- Hormones (endocrine) - Gases O2 and CO2 |
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What percent of body weight does blood make up? How many liters?
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5% of body weight = ~5L
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What kind of tissue is blood?
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Specialized CT:
- Extracellular matrix = plasma - Cellular components = RBCs, WBCs, platelets |
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How can you separate the components of blood?
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Centrifugation in presence of heparin (prevents clot formation)
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What are the layers of the blood after centrifugation?
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Top
- Plasma - WBCs - RBCs - Blue Band Clay Bottom |
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What is the fluid supernatant phase after centrifugation when heparin IS present?
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Plasma
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What are the components of the plasma? What percentage do they make up?
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- Water (~90%)
- Protein (~10%) - Salts - Gases |
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What proteins are in the plasma?
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- Albumin
- Globulins (α and β transporters; γ antibodies) - Clotting proteins - Complement - Lipoproteins |
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What is the fluid supernatant phase after centrifugation when heparin IS NOT present?
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Serum
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How do you obtain the serum?
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Fluid supernatant phase remaining after clotting, followed by centrifugation to remove clotting factors and blood cells (aka formed elements)
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How do you obtain the plasma?
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Fluid supernatant phase after centrifugation in presence of heparin (to prevent clotting)
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What are the types of blood cells?
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- Erythrocytes (RBCs)
- Leukocytes (WBCs) |
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What are the types of Leukocytes?
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Granulocytes:
- Neutrophils - Eosinophils - Basophils Agranulocytes: - Monocytes - Lymphocytes |
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What is the normal range for RBCs and WBCs?
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- RBCs: 4.6 - 6.1 x 10^6 / µL
- WBCs: 4.0-10.0 x 10^3 / µL |
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What is the average percent of the following WBCs:
- Neutrophils - Lymphocytes - Monocytes - Eosinophils - Basophils |
- Neutrophils: 60%
- Lymphocytes: 22% - Monocytes: 10% - Eosinophils: 7% - Basophils: 1% |
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On a differential, which kind of blood cell is ~60% of the WBCs? What range is normal?
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Neutrophils (34-71%)
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On a differential, which kind of blood cell is ~22% of the WBCs? What range is normal?
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Lymphocytes (19-53%)
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On a differential, which kind of blood cell is ~10% of the WBCs? What range is normal?
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Monocytes (5-12%)
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On a differential, which kind of blood cell is ~7% of the WBCs? What range is normal?
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Eosinophils (0-7%)
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On a differential, which kind of blood cell is ~1% of the WBCs? What range is normal?
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Basophils (0-1%)
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What is the term for determining the relative amount of WBCs?
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Differential Count
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What is the term for determining the relative amount of WBCs and additional blood components?
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Complete Blood Count (CBC)
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What is the size of an erythrocyte? What is the term for this size?
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7.5 µm diameter = internal standard size
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What is the shape of an erythrocyte? Why?
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Biconcave disk, allows for increased surface area for respiration
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What is found within an erythrocyte?
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- No nucleus in mature RBCs
- No organelles in cytoplasm - Hemoglobin (33%) |
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What is fetal hemoglobin made of? Adult hemoglobin?
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- Fetal: α2χ2 (until end of pregnancy)
- Adult: α2β2 |
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What can bind to hemoglobin, what is it called then?
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- Oxyhemoglobin = Hb + O2
- Carboxyhemoglobin = Hb + CO2 |
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What enzyme converts CO2 --> Carbonic Acid --> HCO3-?
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Carbonic Anhydrase
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What are the components of the erythrocyte plasma membrane?
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Integral proteins span lipid bilayer
- Band 3 (anion transporter) - Ankyrin |
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What is the function of Band 3?
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Anion transporter that exports HCO3- and binds Ankyrin
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What is the function of Ankyrin?
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Maintains biconcave shape of RBCs to "anchor" to the sub-plasmalemmal network
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What happens if there is a mutation in Ankyrin?
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Spherocytosis
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What happens in Spherocytosis? Cause?
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- RBCs are spherical, which causes problems in RBC distribution and turnover
- Caused by mutations in protein that maintain biconcave shape (ankyrin) |
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What is found on the outer membrane of the RBCs?
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Antigens - carbohydrates (A and b) and individual proteins (Rh)
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How many members are there of the blood group system?
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33
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When does a patient have antibodies against a RBC antigen?
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If they DON'T have those antigens on their RBCs
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What is the lifespan of an RBC?
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120 days
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How many times does a RBC pass through a patients' capillary network during its lifetime?
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10^5 times
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What happens in anemia?
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Lower than normal RBC count
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What happens in polycythemia?
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Increased RBC number (hematocrit value >55%)
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What happens in erythrocytosis?
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Increased RBC mass (hematocrits value >55%)
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What can be responsible for hematocrit value >55%?
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- Polycythemia - increased RBC number
- Erythrocytosis - increased RBC mass |
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What happens in β thalassemia?
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- β gene is mutated and protein is not made
- Affected adults have HbF instead of HbA |
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What happens in sickle cell anemia?
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β-globin mutation (glutamic acid GAA --> valine GTA)
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What are WBCs doing in the blood?
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"Passing through" on their way to their working destination which is in the tissue spaces of the body
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How do leukocytes move through the tissues?
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Diapedesis
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What are the granulocyte WBCs?
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- Neutrophils
- Eosinophils - Basophils |
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What is the other name for Neutrophils? Why are they named as such?
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- AKA Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes (polymorphonuclear nucleus created by degradation of nuclear lamins during granulocyte development)
- Named for "neutral" staining which is neither eosinophilic or basophilic |
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What causes the Polymorphonuclear Nucleus in Neutrophils?
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Nuclear lamina are degraded during granulocyte development
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What types of granules are in Neutrophils?
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- Lysosomal
- Specific (non-staining) |
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What is the function of Neutrophils?
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* Kill bacteria:
1) Release specific granules --> degrades ECM --> degrades bacteria 2) Phagocytize bacteria 3) Release hydrolytic enzymes to create a respiratory burst (initiated by NADPH oxidase), which kills bacteria |
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Neutrophils:
- Lifespan - Size - Percent of circulating WBCs |
- A few days
- 12 µm - 34-71% |
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What happens if there is a mutation in NADPH oxidase gene? What is this important for?
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- Causes persistent bacterial infections
- Important for killing of bacteria by neutrophils |
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Eosinophils:
- Lifespan - Size - Percent of circulating WBCs |
- 2 weeks
- 1 µm - 0-7% |
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What is the shape of the nucleus in Eosinophils?
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Bi-lobed, not highly segmented like neutrophils
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What kind of granules are in Eosinophils?
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- Lysosomes
- Specific Granules (red = eosinophilic) contains Major Basic Protein |
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What are the contents of Eosinophils?
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Crystalloid center that contains major basic protein
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What is the function of Eosinophils?
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- Kill parasites via major basic protein
- Phagocytize Ab:Ag complexes - Secrete leukotrienes |
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What does it mean if you have elevated Eosinophils?
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Parasitic infection or an allergic reaction (eg, asthma)
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What happens in an asthma attack?
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- Leukotrienes recruit eosinophils to lungs and induce them to make more leukotrienes
Causes: - Blood vessel leakiness --> edema - Bronchiolar cells --> constriction of airway - Mucous glands --> mucus buildup |
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Basophils:
- Lifespan - Size - Percent of circulating WBCs |
- Long-lived, a few years
- > 12 µm diameter - 0-1% |
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What is the shape of the basophil nucleus?
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Irregular, obscured by granules
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What is in the basophil specific granules?
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- Heparin
- Histamine |
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What type of cell in tissues is similar to basophils in the peripheral blood?
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Mast Cells
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What activates basophils/mast cells?
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- Antigen invades causing a plasma cell to make IgE
- IgE binds to IgE-receptor on basophil/mast cell membrane, where it remains until later in life - Later when same Ag is re-introduced, immediately binds IgE leading to degranulation |
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What are the functions of basophils and mast cells?
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- Release specific granules (histamine and heparin)
- Release leukotrienes Causes: - Blood vessel leakiness --> circulatory shock - Bronchiolar constriction --> respiratory insufficiency |
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Which of the granulocytes has "memory"?
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Basophils - they last for a few years
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What are the types of Agranulocytes?
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- Monocytes
- Lymphocytes |
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Monocytes:
- Lifespan - Size - Percent of circulating WBCs |
- Several months in tissue
- 15 µm - 5-12% |
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What is the largest WBC? How big?
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Monocytes - 15 µm
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What is the shape of the nucleus in a monocyte?
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Indented or horse-shoe shaped
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What is the function of monocytes?
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- Migrate into tissues and differentiate into macrophages --> phagocytosis
- Present antigens to lymphocytes during immune response |
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What are the names of macrophages in:
- Lungs - CT - Liver - CNS - Bone - Spleen |
- Lungs: dust cells
- CT: histiocytes - Liver: Kupffer cells - CNS: microglia - Bone: osteoclasts - Spleen: sinusoidal lining cells |
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What is the size of lymphocytes?
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< 10 µm (variable depending on level of activity)
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How do you distinguish the types of Lymphocytes?
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B and T cells based on immunohistochemical detection of surface markers
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What are the functions of B and T lymphocytes?
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- Complementary function, defending against foreign invaders and cancer cells
- Immunologic memory - respond to only one antigen |
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What do B lymphocytes differentiate into?
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Plasma cells that release antibodies
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What are platelets made from?
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Fragments of cytoplasm of giant precursor cells found in bone marrow called Megakaryocytes (i.e. cells with huge nuclei)
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What is the size of platelets and how many per µL?
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Small ~ 2 µm (300,000/µL)
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What is found in a platelet?
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- Granulomere - dark central region w/ granules containing clotting factors and growth factors (e.g. PDGF)
- Hyalomere - peripheral light region w/ parallel microtubules |
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What does the Granulomere of the platelet look like and what is in it?
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Dark central region w/ granules containing clotting factors and growth factors (e.g. PDGF)
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What does the Hyalomere of the platelet look like and what is in it?
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Peripheral light region w/ parallel microtubules
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What is on the platelet membrane?
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Receptors
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What are the clinical concerns regarding platelets?
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- Thromboembolism
- Thrombocytopenia (too few platelets, ~50,000/µL) |