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37 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Nutrients |
Substances in foods that provide structural materials or energy |
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Macronutrients |
Nutrients that are required in large amounts |
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Nutrition |
Content of the food an organism eats |
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Metabolism |
The way an organism processes the nutrition |
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Simple Sugars |
Enter our system easily; glucose and fructose |
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Complex Carbohydrates |
Branching chains of simple sugars; starch and glycogen |
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Fiber |
Indigestible complex carbohydrate; cellulose |
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Proteins |
Made of a chain of amino acids |
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Essential amino acids
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Proteins that we cannot make ourselves; must obtain from food
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Complete proteins |
Contains all the essential amino acids we need; plant proteins can be combined to make them complete |
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Fats |
Long-term energy storage; cushion and insulator |
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Essential fatty acids |
We cannot make these ourselves (omega-3, and omega-6) |
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Saturated Fats |
Fatty acid carbons are bound to as many hydrogen as possible. Lacks double bonds; solid at room temperature; Most animal fats are saturated |
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Unsaturated Fats |
Not bound to as many hydrogen as possible. Contains double bonds which give kinks in the tails; Liquid at room temperature; most plant fats are unsaturated or polyunsaturated |
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Trans fats |
Artificially produced fats |
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Hydrogenate |
Vegetable oils under pressure to add hydrogen to make solid fat |
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Micronutrients |
Nutrients needed in small amounts |
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Vitamins |
Organic substances that function as coenzymes. Vitamin D is the only one we can sythesize |
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Coenzymes |
Helps to break down food |
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Water Soluble Vitamins |
Not stored in the body and can cause deficiencies |
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Fat soluble Vitamins |
Stored in fat and can cause problems when in excess |
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Minerals |
Non organic substances; does not contain carbon but essential for cell functions |
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Processing |
The removal of most of food's nutrients |
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Whole foods |
Foods not stripped of nutrition by processing |
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Antioxidants |
Found in whole foods; protects cells from free radicals |
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Free radicals |
Can damage DNA and cell membranes |
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Enzymes |
Catalyst that speeds up reaction in a cell |
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Activation energy |
Lowers the amount of energy needed for a reaction; like digestion |
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Calorie |
Unit of energy |
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BMR (Basic Metabolic rate) |
Resting metabolic rate. Average about 70 calories/hour |
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Plasma Membrane |
The outside barrier of the cell |
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Differentially Permeable |
Allows certain things to get into the cell, and get out |
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Diffusion
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Movement from high concentrations to lower concentrations
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Facilitated Diffusion |
Transport of hydrophilic and charged molecules across the membrane; uses proteins embedded in membrane; no input of energy required |
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Osmosis |
Movement of water across the membrane; when animal cell is placed in salt water it will shrivel; when animal cell is placed in distilled water it will swell and burst |
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Active transport |
Uses protein to move molecules from low to high concentration; powered by energy from ATP |
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ATP |
Adenosine TriPhosphate |