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63 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
belt of volcanoes along the margin of the pacific ocean |
Circum Pacific Ring of Fire |
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intraplate volcanism is usually associated with a.. |
mantle plume |
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type volcanoes are located along the rim of pacific ocean |
composite volcanoes |
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massive, intrusive bodies. frequently form cores of mountains |
batholiths |
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tabular body of ingenous rock which cuts across layers of bedding in country rock |
dike |
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steep-walled depression at the summit of volcano |
crater |
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huge depression summit of a volcano produced by collapse of summit following a massive eruption |
caldera |
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formed from a smooth, ropy-looking basaltic lava with low viscosity and has a twisted or ropey texture |
Pahoehoe basalt |
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lava that issue numerous fissures and covering extensive areas to thickness of hundreds of kilometers |
flood basalt |
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bulbous basaltic lava that solidifies underwater |
pillow basalt |
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viscous basalt that is blocky appearing with sharp edges |
Aa basalt |
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usually the two most abundant gases emitted during basaltic volcanism |
water and carbon dioxide |
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incandescent volcanic debris buoyed up by hot gases that moves downslope in an avalanche fashion |
nuee ardente |
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mudflows on slopes of volcano created when layers of ash and debris becomes saturated with water and move downslope |
lahar |
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physical removal of material by a mobile agent such as running water, waves, wind or ice |
erosion |
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transfer of rock and soil downslope under the influence of gravity is.. |
mass wasting |
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the spalling off of sheets of rock from the outer surface of parent rock |
exfoliation |
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movement of material along a surface of failure is a .. |
slide |
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the conversion of feldspar minerals to clay would be an example of |
chemical weathering |
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land area that contributes water to a river system |
drainage basin |
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the volume of water flowing past a certain point in a given unit of time |
discharge |
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as water flows through a meander, |
erosion occurs on the outside bend, deposition on the inside bend |
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bed load refers to.. |
sediment transported by sliding and rolling along the stream bottom |
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the maximum size of particles a stream can transport |
competence |
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suspended load refers to |
the fine sediment carried within the water |
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the ability of a solid to let fluid pass through it |
permeability |
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the volume of voids or open space in a rock or unconsolidated material |
porosity |
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downward movement of surface water into rock or soil through cracks and pore spaces |
infiltration |
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permeable rock strata sediment that transmit ground water freely |
aquifer |
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the distance of movement across a fault |
offset |
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total length of break along the fault during an earthquake |
surface rupture length |
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seismic waves that travel through the earth's interior |
body waves |
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On a typical seismogram, _____ waves will show the highest amplitudes: |
surface |
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The first seismic wave to reach a seismological observatory after an earthquake |
P wave |
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The distance between a seismological recording station and the earthquake source is determined from |
arrival time of P and S waves |
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developed relatively reliable intensity scale still used today |
Guiseppe Mercalli |
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the total amount of energy released during an earthquake |
magnitude |
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scale that takes into account the strength of the faulted rock, the amount of displacement and area of fault slipped |
Moment Magnitude scale |
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map showing the intensity of damage in an area from an earthquake |
Isoseismal Map |
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measure of the degree of earthquake shaking at a given locale based on the amount of damage |
intensity |
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process in which stable soil is transformed into water-saturated, mobile material rising towards Earth's surface |
Liquefaction |
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rapidly moving ocean wave that is generated by an earthquake. |
Tsunami |
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For seismograph stations, which of the following statements is not correct |
At least two seismograph stations are required to locate an earthquake |
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in open ocean, a tsunami wave |
is less than 3ft high |
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most large tsunami are caused by |
vertical displacement along a thrust fault |
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impermeable layer that prevents or hinders water movement |
acquitard |
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_____ occupies broad lowlands at bases of steep mountains and from when one or more glaciers emerge from confining walls of mountain valleys |
Piedmont glaciers |
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Broad glacier not confined by topography and with area greater than 50,000 square kilometers |
Ice sheet |
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elongated glaciers confined within bedrock valleys |
alpine glaciers |
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head of glacier |
cirque |
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sharp, jagged crest along a divide between glacial cirques |
arete |
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U-shaped valley that enters a larger glacial valley above its base, high up on the larger valley wall |
hanging valley |
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drift |
any sediments of glacial origin |
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rock fragment carried by a glacier away from outcrop from which it originated |
erratic |
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NOT characteristic of continental glaciation |
Lateral Moraine |
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Planar surface of glacial origin, consisting of beveled, scoured, grooved and scratched rocks in knobs |
ice-scoured plain |
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ridge of till formed when two coalescing alpine glaciers merge |
medial moraine |
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A small streamlined, asymmetrical bedrock knob |
Roche Moutonnee |
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are thin, 1 -year pair of sedimentary layers grading upward from light coarse silt or sand layer (summer) to clayey, organic-rich layer (winter). |
varves |
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dry lake composed of silt, clay and precipitated salts |
playa |
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a stream that carries water in response to specific episodes of rainfall. |
ephemeral stream |
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intermittent stream channel in the dry land areas of the western United States. |
wash |
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the resistance pipe left standing after erosion has removed the volcanic cone |
volcanic neck |