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127 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Accumulation |
Ice to a glacier |
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Alpine Glacier |
Near mountain crest and moves down valley |
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Cirque Glacier |
Small non-moving glacier |
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Equilibrium Line |
Separates albation/accumulation zones |
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Icefield |
More than 50,000 of ice |
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Moraine Ground |
Beneath ice sheet |
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Moraine Lateral |
Unsorted debris buildup |
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Moraine Medial |
Dark band of rocky debris down middle |
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Recessional |
Pause in retreat ice margin |
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Terminal |
Builds up outer ice advance |
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Mountain Glacier |
On top of mountain |
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Neve |
Snow granules packed/colase due to compression |
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Outwash Plain |
Formed by glacial sediments |
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Piedmont Glacier |
Bottom of mountain |
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Pliestocene Epoch |
2.6 to 11,000 million years ago |
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Roche Moutonee |
Bedrock hill overridden by ice |
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Till |
Rock debris from melting ice |
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Valley Glacier |
Long, narrow river of ice |
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Zone of albation |
Low altitude below firn |
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Zone of accumulation |
Above firn line, snowfall |
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How is a neve/firn created |
Compression of granules until 1/2 dense as water |
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Explain what glacial erratics are |
Outside boulders are deposited by retreating glaciers |
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Difference between how continental ice sheets modify the terrain compared to how mountain glaciers modify terrain |
Continental ice sheets reach the sea. Mountain glaciers reach the valley. |
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Why glaciers carve U-shaped valleys |
Ice travels across and down slope |
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Earth has been deglaciating for how long |
50 years |
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Describe the average speed of the movement of glaciers |
3cm/day to 100ft |
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Compare roche moutonnees and cirques |
Bedrock hill overridden moving ice, hollow upper glacial valley |
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Glacial Abrasion |
Mechanical scraping of rocks |
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Describe the extent and location of the worlds contemporary ice sheets |
Antarctica and Greenland |
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Caldera |
Large, steep depression from volcano |
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Convergent boundary |
Two plates collide |
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Diastrophism |
Deformation of earths crust |
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Divergent Boundary |
Two plates spread apart |
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Epicenter |
Surface directly above earthquake |
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Normal Fault |
Tension stresses |
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Reverse Fault |
Compression |
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Strike-Slip Fault |
Shear |
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Overthrust Fault |
Compression and subduction |
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Flood Basalt |
Outpouring basaltic lava |
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Folding |
Bending of rocks by compression |
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Graben |
Block of land bounded by faults that create a valley |
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Horst |
Uplifted block between two faults |
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Hot Spot |
Volcanic Activity |
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Lava |
Molten magma |
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Mantle Plume |
Magma almost rises to surface |
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Oceanic Trenches |
Deep depression |
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Offset Stream |
Stream displaced by lateral movement along fault |
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Plate Tectonics |
Movement of continents |
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Rift Valley |
Fault produced depression |
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Seafloor Spreading |
Pulling apart of ocean floor and rises magma to surface |
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Transform Boundary |
2 plates slip past each other |
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Tsunami |
Ocean wave due to earthquake, landslide, or volcanic eruption |
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Volcanism |
Magma to sueface |
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Examples of divergent, convergent, and transform boundaries. |
Divergent: Midocean ridge Convergent: Oceanic subduction Transform: Fault |
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How was crater lake, oregon formed? |
Collapse of a volcano |
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Flood basalt and columnar basalt |
Build up of lava |
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Evidence used to verify seafloor spreading |
Magma rises, new basaltic floor, spreads |
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What is "Pacific Ring of Fire" and why does it exist |
Volcanoes underwater, surrounded by plate boundaries |
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Theory of continental drift and who proposed it? |
Pangea moved apart, Wegner |
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How Pangea broke up |
Mantle convection |
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Landforms formed by mantle plumes |
Islands, floor basalt, provinces |
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How earthquakes occur |
When a rock breaks along a fault |
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Avalanche |
Mass of snow/ice.rocks falling |
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Bedrock |
Solid rock |
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Carbonation |
CO2 in water reacts with carbonate |
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Cavern |
Large opening/cave |
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Debris Flow |
Mudflow with large boulders |
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Denudation |
Weathering and erosion that lowers surface |
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Earthflow |
Water saturated slope moves down hill |
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Erosion |
Removal/transportation of fragmented rock material |
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Exfoliation |
Curved layers peel off bedrock |
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Fall |
Rockfall |
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Fault |
Rock structure forceably broken |
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Frost Shattering |
Rocks crack at 0 celcius |
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Frost Wedging |
Water freezes into ice in rock cracks which breaks apart rock |
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Hydrolysis |
Water and substance equals weaker than original |
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Joint |
Cracks in bedrock due to stress |
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Mass Wasting |
Downslope of weathered rock |
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Oxidation |
O2 and metallic substance |
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Salt Wedging |
Rock decinigration due to crystalization of salts |
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Slump |
Slope collapsed slide |
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Soil Creep |
Rock/soil downfall |
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Solifluction |
Thawing of permafrost |
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Talus |
Rocks that fall downslope |
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Biological Weathering |
Plant roots in cracks |
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Chemical Weathering |
Decomposition of rock, chemical alter |
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Mechanical Weathering |
Physical descinigration |
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Compare soil creep with solifluction |
Both a type of creep, happens of slopes |
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Why is clay a good facilitator of mass wasting? |
Absorbs water |
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Concept of denuation |
Wearing of earth surface, reduces elevation |
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Weather/climate conditions most favorable for mass wasting |
High elevation |
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Chemical weathering relies on what substance? |
Oxygen |
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Compare slope to talus cones |
Rockfall vs. debris build up |
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Alluvuium |
Stream deposited sediment |
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Base level |
Lowest level and can erode |
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Bedload |
Sand, gravel, and large rocks in stream |
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Capacity |
Maximum load stream can transport |
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Delta |
Mouth of river |
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Discharge |
Volume of flow |
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Dissolved load |
Salt dissolved in water
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Drainage basin |
Overland flood, groundwater to stream |
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Drainage divide |
Separation of runoff to two basins |
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Entrenched Meander |
Winding stream valley |
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Ephemeral stream |
Carries water only during wet season |
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Exotic stream |
Flows into dry region |
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Floodplain |
Flat valley floor covered by sediment |
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Fluvial processes |
Running water on surface of earth |
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Intermittent stream |
Carries water only during wet season |
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Kickpoint |
Sharp irregularity |
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Meandering channel |
Highly twisted/looped |
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Natural Levee |
Embankment of ground fringing |
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Oxbow Lake |
Cutoff/ holds water |
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Perennial Stream |
Permenant stream |
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Runoff |
Flows from land to sea |
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Saltation |
Particle transport of fluid |
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Stream load |
solid matter carried by stream |
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Stream order |
Drainage network |
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Suspended load |
Clay and silt that never touches stream bed |
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Yazoo stream |
Unable to enter main stream |
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Differentiate between perennial, intermittent, ephemeral, and exotic. |
Year round Shallow, brief Usually dry Crosses desert |
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How are oxbow lakes formed |
Meander becomes narrow and river cuts in |
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Largest river in the world with a delta and without a delta |
Gagnes and Amazon |
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How are stream orders calculated and most numerous stream order |
Location of reach, 4 |
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Difference between saltation and traction |
Bounce vs. roll/slide |
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Factors that affect the erosive effectiveness of a stream |
Velocity and deposition |
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Relationship between natural levees and yazoo stream |
Made by flooding, prevent yazoo from joining main channel |
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Differenciate between splash and sheet erosion |
Breaks up soil Removes soil |