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81 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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culture
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total knowledge, attutides, and behaviors shared by and passed on by the members of a specific group
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society
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group that shares a geographic region, a sense of identity, and a culture
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ethnic group
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a specific group that shares a language, customs, and a common heritage
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innovation
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taking exisitng technology and resources and creating something new to meet a need
it's the idea |
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diffusion
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the spread of ideas, inventions, or patterns of behavior to different societies
it's the spread |
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cultural hearth
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a site of innovation from which basic ideas materials, and technology diffuse to many cultures
it's the place where the idea starts |
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acculturation
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occurs when a society changes because it accepts or adopts an innovation
it's the acceptance/adoption |
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dialect
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versions of a language that changes in speech patterns related to class, region, or other cultural changes
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religion
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a belief in a power(s) that is regarded as the creator(s) and maintainer(s) of the universe; beliefs and values that define how people worship the divine being or forces, and how they behave toward each other
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birth rate
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number of live births per thousand population. World average is 22 per thousand.
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fertility rate
and total? |
the average number of children a woman of childbearing years would have in her lifetime, if she had children at the current rate for her country. Replacement rate is 2.1; current worldwide average is 3.0.
avg. # of children born to a woman of childbearing age given her country’s BR and DR |
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mortality rate
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death rate, or the number of deaths per thousand people.
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infant mortality rate
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number of deaths among infants under age one per thousand live births.
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rate of natural increase (aka. population growth rate)
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the population growth rate, found by subtracting the mortality rate from the birthrate.
(BR-DR)÷10 |
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population pyramid
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a graphic device that shows sex and age distribution of a population.
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push-pull factors
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reasons for migrating – ones that cause people to leave their homeland, or ones that attract people to another location.
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population density
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the average number of people who live in a measurable area, such as a square mile; used to determine how heavily populated an area is. (# inhabitants/total amt of land they occupy).
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carrying capacity
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number of organisms a piece of land can support
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State
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self-governing political entity
often referred to as country |
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nation
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a group of people with a common culture living in a territory and having a strong sense of unity.
tightly-knit group of people which share a common culture |
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nation-state
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a nation and a state that occupy the same territory.
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democracy
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a type of government in which citizens hold political power, either directly, or through elected representatives.
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monarchy
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a type of government in which a ruling family headed by a king or queen holds political power and may or may not share the power with citizen bodies.
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dictatorship
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a type of government in which an individual or group holds complete political power
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communism
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a type of government in which nearly all political power and means of production are held by the government in the name of the people.
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landlocked
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country surrounded by other land with no direct outlet to the sea
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urban geography
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study of how people use space in cities
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cities
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area with large population that is a center of business and culture.
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suburbs
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political units which touch the borders of the central city or other suburbs that touch the city
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metropolitan area
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city, its suburbs and exurbs linked together economically to form a functional area
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urbanization
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rise in the number of cities and the changes in lifestyle that result.
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central business district (CBD)
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core of a city that is based on commercial activity.
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economy
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the production and exchange of goods and services among a group of people.
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economic system
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the way people produce and exchange goods and services
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command economy
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production of goods and services is determined by a central government, which usually owns the means of production. also called a "planned" economy.
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market economy
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production of goods and services is determined by the demand from consumers. also called a "demand" economy, or capitalism.
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natural resources
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materials on or in the earth -- such as trees, fish, or coal -- that have economic value
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infrastructure
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basic support systems needed to keep an economy going, including power, communications, transportation, water, sanitation, and education systems.
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per capita income
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average amount of money earned by each person in a political unit; used to compare economies
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GNP
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measures the total value of all goods and services produced by a country over a year or other specified period of time.
imports and exports--everything! |
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GDP
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total value of goods and services produced within a country in a given period of time.
domestic--cities, countries, states, etc. |
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factors of culture
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food and shelter
religion relationships to family and others language education security/protection political and social organization creative expression |
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immigrant vs. emigrant
migrant? |
immigrant: kinda like temporary stay, will eventually move out of a country (move in)
emigrant: permanent, will stay in the country (move out) migrant: moves from place to place |
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aspects of population
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birth and death rates
distribution density |
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developed country vs. developing country
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developed: higher per capita income, varied economy (esp. with quaternary activites like computer software development)
developing: low GDP, limited development on all levels of economic activities, lack industrial base, struggles to provide residents with needed items |
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The three main factors that cause population change to a specified area are:
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birth, death, migration
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Stage 1
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Both high birth rates and death rates keep changing in the first stage of the population model giving a small population
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Stage 2
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Birth rates remain high, but death rates fall rapidly causing high population growth.
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Stage 3
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Birth rates now fall rapidly while death rates continue to fall. The total population begins to peak and the population increase slows to a constant.
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Stage 4
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Both birth rates and death rates remain low, fluctuating with 'baby booms' and epidemics of illnesses and disease. This results in a steady population
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State has 4 important characteristics:
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population
territory (land) sovereignty (power) government (organization) |
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stateless nation
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nation (group) within a State that doesn't have land
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4 types of government
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democracy
monarchy communism dictatorship |
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component of metropolitan area
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city
suburbs exurbs |
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a megalopolis is formed when..
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several metropolitan areas grow together
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charac. of country
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size
shape location |
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push factors
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job
political weather |
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pull factor
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education
family house job |
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result of rapid urbanization
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cities and their surrounding areas grew rapidly
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traditional economy Chr.
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trades w/o money
"barter" lowest level |
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command economy characteristic
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production is determined by government
planned economy often dictatorship |
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market economy chr.
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production determined by the buyer (how much they buy, price change)
demand economy capitalism no boundary |
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mixed economy chr.
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combo of command and market
benefits all no clear trend |
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free enterprise chr.
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competition
no boundary democracy supply and demand |
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capitalism chr.
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private property ownership
individuals and companies compete for their own gain |
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economic levels
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primary
secondary tertiary quaternary |
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primary level
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raw material
(timer, iron) raw |
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secondary level
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adds value to materials by changing their form
(manufacturing automobiles) transform |
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tertiary level
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provides business or pro services
(salespeople, teachers, doctors) sell |
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quaternary level
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information, management, research services provided by highly-trained persons
service |
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types of natural resources
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renewable
non-renewable inexhaustible energy sources |
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renewable
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can be replaced
(trees) |
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non-renewable
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cannot be replaced
(metals, fossil fuels, natural gas, coal) |
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inexhaustible energy resources
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used for producing power
unlimited in quantity solar or planetary process (sunlight, winds, tides) |
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important systems of infrastructure
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transportation
communication |
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state morphology concept
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boundary and shape can present problems or unify
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compact
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circle
easier to defend easy internal control and communication max. land w/ min. border |
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fragmented
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parts separated by water or foreign land
must improve internal contact capital(main) location is often difficult |
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protruded/prorupted
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compact with extension
isolated protusion |
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perforated
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swiss cheese
problems can occur for the internal countries |
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elongated
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no central compact territory
difficult communication and transportation different "culture" at opposite ends |
