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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Codebook |
A document that describes the procedure for coding variables and their location in a format for computers |
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Code sheet |
Paper with a printed grid on which a researcher records info that can easily be entered into a computer. It is an alternative to the direct-entry method and using optical scan sheets |
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Direct entry method |
A method of entering data into a computer by typing data without code or optical scan sheets |
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Possible code cleaning |
Cleaning data using a computer in which the researcher looks for responses or answer categories that cannot have cases |
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Contingency cleaning |
Cleaning data using a computer in which the researcher looks at the combination of categories for two variables for logically impossible cases |
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Descriptive Statistics |
A General type of simple Statistics used by researchers to describe basic patterns in the data |
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Univariate Statistics |
Statistical measures that deal with one variable only |
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Frequency distribution |
A table that shows the distribution of cases into the categories of one variable (ex. The number or percent of cases in each category) |
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Histogram |
A type of bar chart used to visually display the distribution of continuous variable |
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Bar Chart |
A display of quantitative data for one variable in the form of rectangles. Usually used with discrete data |
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Pie Chart |
A display of numerical info on one variable that divides a circle into fractions by lines representing proportions |
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Mode |
A measure of central tendency for one variable that indicates the most frequent or common score |
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Bimodal |
A distribution with two modes |
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Multi model |
A distribution with more than one mode |
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Median |
Measure of central tendency indicating the point which half the cases are higher and half are lower |
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Possible code cleaning |
Cleaning data using a computer in which the researcher looks for responses or answer categories that cannot have cases |
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Mean |
A measure of central tendency that indicates the arithmetic average (the sum of all scores divided by the total number of scores) |
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Normal distribution |
A "bell shaped" frequency polygon for a distribution of cases with a peak in the centre and identical curving slopes on either side of the centre. It is the distribution of many naturally occurring phenomena. |
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Skewed distribution |
Distribution of cases among the categories of a variable that is not normal (ex. Not a "bell shape"). Instead of an equal number of cases on both ends, more are at one of the extremes |
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Range |
A measure of dispersion for one variable indicating the highest and lowest scores |
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Percentile |
A measure of dispersion of one variable that indicates the percentage of cases at or below a score or point |
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Standard deviation |
A measure of dispersion for one variable that indicates an average distance between the scores and the mean |
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Z-Scores |
A way to locate a score in a distribution of scores by determining the number of standard deviations it is above or below the mean or arithmetic average |
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Bivariate Statistics |
Statistically measures that involve two variables only |
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Correlation |
The idea that two variables vary together, such that knowing the values in one variable provides information about values found in another variable |
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Independence |
The absence I have a statistical relationship between two variables for example when knowing the values on one variable provides no information about the values that will be found on another variable. There's no association between them |
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Scattergram |
A diagram to display the statistical relationship between two variables based on plotting each case values for both the variables |
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Linear relationship |
An association between two variables that is positive or negative across the attributes and levels of the variables. When plotted the basic pattern of the associations form a straight line not a curve or pattern |
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Curvilinear relationship |
A relationship between two variables such as the values of one variable increases the values of the second show a change in pattern it is not a linear relationship |
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Precision |
The amount of spread in the point on the graph. A high level of precision occurs when the point hug the line that summarizes the relationship. A little level occurs when the points are widely spread around the line |
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Cross Tabulation |
Placing data for two variables into a contingency table to show the number of percentage of cases at the intersection of categories of the two variables |
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Contingency Table |
A table that shows the cross tabulation of two or more variables. But usually shows bivariate quantitative data for the variables in the form of percentages across rows or down columns of the categories of one variable |
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Marginals |
The totals in a contingency table outside the body of a table |
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Measure of Association |
A single number that expresses the strength and often in the direction of a relationship. It condenses information about a bivariate relationship into a single number |
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Control variable |
A third variable that shows whether the bivariate relationship holds up to an alternative explanation. It can occur before or between other variables |
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Partials |
In contingency tables for three variables table show the association between the independent and dependent variables for each category of a control variable |
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Statistical significance |
A way to discuss the likelihood that a finding or statistically relationship in a sample is due to random factors rather than due to the existence of an actual relationship in the entire population |
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Level of statistical significance |
A set of numbers researchers use as a simple way to measure the degree to which a statistical relationship results from random factors rather than existence of a true relationship among variables |
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Type I error |
The logical error of falsely rejecting the null hypothesis |
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Type II error |
The logical error of falsely accepting the null hypothesis |