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75 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
The complementary base to adenine is ________.
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Thymine |
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Human chromosomes are made up of DNA and proteinscalled ________, which help organize the DNA and give structure to thechromosomes. |
Histones |
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Following replication of chromosomes, sisterchromatids are held together by a ________. |
Centromere |
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Alterations in DNA, called ________, create differences between individuals and populations. |
Mutations |
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Short single-stranded pieces of DNA called ________ attach toa DNA template to serve as the beginning site of DNA replication. |
primers |
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In order to synthesize DNA in a laboratory, the enzyme________ must be used to facilitate the addition of nucleotides on the newstrand. |
DNA polymerase |
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The technique used to make millions of identicalcopies of DNA from a small sample in a test tube is ________. |
polymerase chain reaction |
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Short segments of DNA that contain codes for the structure of one or more proteins are ________. |
genes |
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The beginning of each gene in DNA is marked by the presence of a unique base sequence called the ________. |
promoter |
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________ is the process of by which the DNA code of a single gene is converted into a complimentary strand of mRNA. |
Transcription |
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The primary transcript thatresults from transcription must be modified before it can be translated; nucleotidesequences that actually form the mRNA and contain the genetic information are________. |
exons |
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Initiation of translationbegins with a tRNA binding to a ________ on mRNA. |
start codon |
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Anticodons are located on ________. |
tRNA |
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________ nucleotides are in 12 mRNA codons. |
36 |
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________ is a useful technique in criminal investigations because humans contain many copies of repeating or junk sequences, the length of which can be unique to an individual. |
DNA fingerprinting |
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DNA is organized and arranged in the nucleus as________ before mitosis or meiosis. |
chromosomes |
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The replication of DNA occurs during the ________phase of interphase. |
S (synthesis) |
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Sister chromatids are attached to each other at the________. |
centromere |
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The ________ checkpoint checks to make sure the DNA was replicated correctly and that the cell is large enough. |
G2 |
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During mitosis, the mitotic spindle forms during ________ (which phase?). |
prophase |
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The ________ disappears during prophase. |
nuclear envelope |
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Prior to cell division the DNA is uncondensed and string-like and is called ________. |
chromatin |
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At each pole of the dividing cell there are structures called the ________ that anchor the spindle fibers. |
centrioles |
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During________ the cytoplasm and organelles are divided between the daughter cells. |
cytokinesis |
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A ________ forms during cytokinesis as contractile filaments in the cell tighten. |
cleavage furrow |
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At the end of meiosis II the gametes have a ________ number of chromosomes. |
haploid |
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During________ of meiosis, sister chromatids separate. |
Anaphase II |
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Meiosis in females is not complete until ________ occurs. |
fertilization |
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Progression of a cell through the phases of interphase is under the control of proteins know as ________. |
cyclins |
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________ is the process by which a cell becomes different from its parent or sister cell. |
Differentiation |
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A display of an individual's chromosomes is known as a________. |
Karyotype |
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Alternative versions of the same gene are ________. |
alleles |
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A ________ refers to the complete set of genes in the chromosomes of an individual. |
genome |
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If the two alleles of a particular gene pair are the same, the individual is ________ for that gene |
Homozygous |
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When someone says they have blue eyes, they are describing the physical appearance of a trait, or their ________. |
phenotype |
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A phenotype is determined by ________ and ________. |
genotype, environmental factors |
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In ________, the phenotype of the heterozygous genotype is an intermediate between the phenotype of either homozygous genotype. |
incomplete dominance |
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Genes for different traits located on the same chromosome are called ________. |
linked genes |
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The inheritance of a trait that is determined by many genes acting together is ________ inheritance. |
polygenic |
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Failure of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate properly is called ________. |
nondisjunction |
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A ________ occurs when a piece of chromosome breaks off or is lost. |
deletion |
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The process by which a piece of a chromosome breaks off and then attaches to another chromosome is ________. |
translocation |
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Genes located on the same chromosome are not always inherited together because of the process of ________, which occurs during meiosis; this process "reshuffles" the genes. |
crossing-over |
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During embryological development, if a certain gene on the ________ chromosome is activated during the sixth or seventh week of development, the embryo will develop into a male. |
Y |
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According to Mendel's law of ________, genes of a gene pair separate from one another during the formation of gametes. |
segregation |
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The process of evolution ultimately depends on changes that occur in the ________ of organisms. |
genes |
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Darwin's proposal that organisms that are better adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce is termed ________. |
natural selection |
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Individuals with _______ to a particular environment are more likely to survive and reproduce. |
adaptations |
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The relative survival and reproduction of one variant compared to others in the same population is referred to as its _______. |
fitness |
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When considering evolution, structures of present-day organisms that have similar structures and believed to have evolved from a common ancestral structure, they are said to be ________. |
homologous |
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In an evolutionary context, ________ structures do not currently have a function in present-day organisms. |
vestigial |
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The process by which the continental plates move slowly over time is ________. |
continental drift |
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The evolution of one or more species from an ancestral form is called ________. |
speciation |
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The blue footed boobies are isolated from mating withother birds because the female requires a special mating dance. This is called _______ isolation. |
behavioral |
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________ refers to random changes in allele frequency as a result of chance events. |
Genetic drift |
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The Pennsylvania Amish population has an increased rate of dwarfism due to one of the original members of this small population carrying the dwarfism allele. This is due to a type of genetic drift called the ________ (2 words). |
founder effect |
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Movement of individuals into or out of population that results in a redistribution of alleles is called ________. |
gene flow |
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________ mating is when individuals mate with those who are similar to themselves. |
Assortive |
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In _______ selection, individuals with extreme phenotypes do better than mid-range phenotype individuals. |
diversifying |
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Humans are classified in the class ________ and the order ________. |
Mammalia, Primata (primates) |
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The study of the relationship between living organisms and their physical environment is ________. |
ecology |
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The type of location where a species lives is its ________. |
habitat |
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The number of offspring produced by each reproducing member of a species, the ratio of males to females, and the time it takes offspring to become reproductively mature are characteristics of the ________ of a population. |
biotic potential |
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For an organism reaching its biotic potential, the growth rate is characterized by a(n)________ curve. |
exponential |
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Factors in the environment that limit the ability of a species to meet its biotic potential are known as ________ factors. |
environmental resistance |
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The environment’s ________ is the amount of a population that can be supported indefinitely by that environment. |
carrying capacity |
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A biological _______ consists of all the organisms living together in a particular habitat. |
community |
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When the actions of two species benefit both species it is called ________. |
mutualism |
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When one species has a dramatic role in the community it is identified as a ________ species. |
keystone |
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In a given geographic location, the combination of all living organisms plus the physical environment in which they live is termed a(n) ________. |
ecosystem |
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The ________ feed on the producers, who use the sun’s energy and nutrients from the soil to make their own food. |
primary consumers |
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The ________ (2 words) is a complex linkage among organisms in a community. |
Food web |
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The total biomass at each level of an ecosystem or the total amount of energy stored at each level of an ecosystem can be depicted with the use of a(n) ________. |
ecological pyramid |
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The process by which some bacteria convert nitrate to atmospheric nitrogen gas is ________. |
denitrification |
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Unlike the carbon and nitrogen cycles, the phosphorous cycle is classified as a ________ cycle because phosphorus never enters the atmosphere. |
sedimentary |