Biology Final Exam

Front 1

UNIT ONE
Smallest to Largest(3 sides):

Back 1

1. atoms
2. molecule
3. cell
4. tissue
5. organ

Front 2

1. Species
2. Genus
3. Family
4. Order
5. Class
6. Phylum
7. Kingdom
8. Domain

Back 2

1. Individual
2. Population
3. Community
4. Ecosystem
5. Biosphere

Front 3

Who is the father of taxonomy (naming species)?

Back 3

Carl Linneaus

Front 4

Be able to label the parts of the cell and know their function.
Plasma membrane:

Back 4

Membrane surrounding the cytoplasm, functions to regulate the entrance and exit of molecules from cell

Front 5

Cytoplasm:

Back 5

Contains the organelles of the cell.

Front 6

Nucleus:

Back 6

Contains chromosomes and controls the structure and function of the cell. Stores DNA. Public Library

Front 7

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER):

Back 7

System of membranous saccules and channels in the cytoplasm, often with attached ribosomes. Continuous with nuclear envelop. Factory District.

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Smooth:

Back 8

Site of lipids synthesis; lacks attached ribosomes.

Front 9

Rough:

Back 9

Membraneous system of tubules, vesicles, and sacs in cells; has attached ribosomes.

Front 10

Ribosomes:

Back 10

Site of protein synthesis in a cell;, attached to ER. Factories.

Front 11

Golgi Apparatus:

Back 11

Organelles consisting of sacs and vesicles that processes, packages, and distributes molecules about or from the cell. Post Office

Front 12

Lysosome:

Back 12

Used to recycle worn-out cellular organelles. Digestive enzymes. Garbage collection

Front 13

Vacuole:

Back 13

Usually functions in storage. Warehouse.

Front 14

Mitochondria:

Back 14

Membrane-bound organelle in which ATP molecules are produced during the process of cellular respiration. Power Plant

Front 15

Chloroplast:

Back 15

Photosynthesis takes place. Double membrane. Chocolate factory (produces sugar)

Front 16

What type of bond holds water molecules together?

Back 16

Polar Covalent Bonds

Front 17

What type of bond holds amino acids together in a peptide chain to form a protein?

Back 17

Peptide Bond

Front 18

Know the small Monomers (molecules) that are strung together to make Polymers (macromolecules):
Monomer:
Amino Acid-->
Monosaccharide-->
Fatty Acid-->

Back 18

Monomer=Polymer:
Amino Acid = Protein
Monosaccharide= Carbohydrate
Fatty Acid = Lipids

Front 19

The Fluid-Mosaic Model of plasma membranes = ??

Back 19

a phospholipid bi-layer with embedded proteins

Front 20

Osmosis:

Back 20

Water defusing from high to low concentration

Front 21

Diffusion:

Back 21

Move from high to low concentration

Front 22

Active transport:

Back 22

Requires Energy (ATP)

Front 23

Facilitated transport:

Back 23

Does not require energy

Front 24

Diploid/haploid:

Back 24

Diploid (2N)- Cells have pair (2) of each chromosome. Haploid (1N)- Cells have half chromosomes

Front 25

Chromosome:

Back 25

Condensed DNA Molecules (closed)

Front 26

Centromere:

Back 26

Construction where sister chromatids are held together (like can of spaghetti)

Front 27

Know the stages of meiosis and what the end result is:

Back 27

-DNA replication occurs prior
-Two cell division (I&II) which ='s Four daughter cells
-Daughter cells haploid (1n)
-Novel DNA set in each cell
-Prophase I
-Metaphase I
-Anaphase I
-Telophase I

Front 28

When does chromosome duplication take place?

Back 28

Interphase

Front 29

UNIT 2
Know characteristics of each Phylum/group and what animals belong in each Phylum/group:
Cnidaria:

Back 29

Gastrovascular. Tentacles with stinging cells. Radial symmetry. Two body shapes: Polyp and Medusa. No circulatory system. Coral- largest builder. (jellyfish)

Front 30

Arthropoda:

Back 30

“Jointed foot" Jointed appendages. Chitinous exoskeleton. Well developed nervous system and sense organs. 1 million species (largest phylum) Appendages for: locomotion, reproduction, eating, sensing. Must molt to grow (exoskeleton of chiton). Three body parts: head, thorax, abdomen. (Shrimp , lobster , spider)

Front 31

Echinodermata:

Back 31

5 part radial symmetry. Spiny skin. Innumerable tube feet for locomotion and adhesion. Usually endoskeleton for calcareous plates. All marine. Water vacuole system. Aboral. Oral. (Sea Stars, urchins)

Front 32

Mollusca:

Back 32

Bilateral. Open circulatory system. Visceral mass, mantle, radula, foot. Gastropoda "Stomach-Foot." (sea slugs, snails, abalone) Cephalopoda "Head-Foot" (Octopus, squid, cuttlefish) Bivalvia "Two-Shells" (clams, oysters, scallops, mussels)

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Chordata:

Back 33

At some stage of life, Chordates have a notochord for support, pharyngeal (gill) slits or pouches, a dorsal, hollow nerve cord; and a tail posterior to the anus.(Lancets)

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Subphylum:

Back 34

Vertebrata (most mammals in this phylum)

Front 35

Know vertebrate classes:
Agnatha:

Back 35

No saws, sucker-like mouth, no paired fins, no scales, round gill openings, cartilaginous endoskeleton. (Lampreys and Hagfish)

Front 36

Osteichthyes:

Back 36

Bony endoskeleton, usually a swim bladder (most common fish)

Front 37

Chondrichthyes:

Back 37

Cartilaginous endoskeleton, 5-7 gill slits on both sides, rough skin due to spiny scales, large pectoral fin, no swim bladder. (Sharks and rays)

Front 38

Amphibia:

Back 38

Frogs, toads, salamanders

Front 39

Reptilia:

Back 39

Snakes, lizards, etc.

Front 40

Aves:

Back 40

Birds

Front 41

Mammalia(2 kinds):

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Mammals
placental: Produces young through viviparous (live birth) tends to young.
marsupial: Born immature (kangaroos and koalas)

Front 42

Classical conditioning:

Back 42

a learning process that occurs when two stimuli are repeatedly paired; a response that is at first elicited by the second stimulus is eventually elicited by the first stimulus alone. Pavlov's Dog Experiment.

Front 43

Operant conditioning:

Back 43

A stimulus-response connection strengthening. Giving a reward for proper behavior. (Skinner)

Front 44

Types of animal communication:

Back 44

Chemical (pheromones) Auditory (travels long distance, good in low visibility) Visual (Requires daylight) Dances, Aggressive Displays, Lights.

Front 45

Tactile:

Back 45

Communication through touch.

Front 46

Imprinting:

Back 46

Associate image with concept: young birds follow first moving object "parent"

Front 47

Costs to dominant elk male that defends a harem-.

Back 47

Cost- more likely to be injuries, chance of starvation, requires more food and energy.

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Benefits of living in a group:

Back 48

avoid predator, rear offsprings, hunt together.

Front 49

Helpers-at-the-nest:

Back 49

remain in association with their parents and help them raise subsequent broods or litters, instead of dispersing and beginning to reproduce themselves.

Front 50

Altruism:

Back 50

social interaction that has the potential to decrease the lifetime reproductive success of the member exhibiting the behavior

Front 51

Growth Rate:

Back 51

Growth= Per capita rate of increase.

Front 52

Biotic Potential:

Back 52

The highest per capita rate of increase for a population (fastest growth rate)

Front 53

Carrying Capacity:

Back 53

Largest number of organisms of a particular species that can be maintained indefinitely by a given environment

Front 54

Survivorship Curves I, II, III – typical animals for each curve:

Back 54

Type 1: Most survive until old age (Humans)
Type 2: Decreases consistently (songbirds)
Type 3: Most die early (oysters)

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Mullerian mimicry:

Back 55

Species that resemble each other all have successful defense

Front 56

Batesian mimicry:

Back 56

A prey that is not harmful mimics a harmful species

Front 57

Parasitism:

Back 57

One species benefits in terms of growth and reproduction to the detriment of the other species

Front 58

Commensalism:

Back 58

Symbiotic relationship in which one species is benefited, and the other is neither harmed nor benefited

Front 59

Mutualism:

Back 59

Symbiotic relationship in which both species benefit in terms of growth and reproduction

Front 60

Biome characteristics:
Deciduous forest:

Back 60

Eastern North America, Europe Eastern Asia. Well-defined seasons, high precipitation. Vegetation: Oak, beech, maple, tall trees, shrubs, ferns, fruits, nuts berries. Animals: Squirrels, rabbits, turkeys, pheasants.

Front 61

Chaparral:

Back 61

California Shrubland. Subject to burn-off from fires, adapted to fires.

Front 62

Desert:

Back 62

Little precipitation (<25cm). Majority 30 degrees latitude. Hot days and cold nights (no cloud insulation). Vegetation: Succulents, Cacti, Sagebrush. Animals: Very large animals or very small animals (Camels or Kangaroo Rats).

Front 63

Tundra:

Back 63

Arctic circle, Alpine (mountains) 20%. Very cold and dark most of the year. Short growing season and little precipitation (<20cm) Permafrost prevents water drainage. Vegatation: Lichens, grasses, dwarf shrubs. Animals: Lemmings, reindeer, musk ox, polar bears.

Front 64

Tropical rainforest:

Back 64

South America, Africa, Indo-Malayan Region. Weather is always warm, abundant rainfall. Greatest diversity of plants and animals. (Jaguars, monkeys, parrots, frogs, insects) Grassland (savannah)

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UNIT 3
Tissue types:
epithelial:

Back 65

tissue that lines hollow organs and covers surfaces

Front 66

connective:

Back 66

type of animal tissue that binds structures together, provides support and protection, fills spaces, stores fat, and forms blood cells; adipose tissue, cartilage, bone, and blood are types of connective tissue

Front 67

muscular:

Back 67

type of animal tissue composed of fibers that shorten and lengthen to produce movements

Front 68

nerve:

Back 68

tissue that contains nerve cells, which conduct impulses, and neuroglia, which support, protect, and provide nutrients to neurons

Front 69

adipose:

Back 69

connective tissue in which fat is stored

Front 70

Parts of a neuron
Dendrite-

Back 70

part of a neuron that sends signals toward the cell body

Front 71

cell body-

Back 71

portion of a neuron that contains a nucleus and from which dendrites and an axon extend.

Front 72

Axon-

Back 72

elongated portion of a neuron that conducts nerve impulses, typically from the cell body to the synapse.

Front 73

Blood components – function?

Back 73

55% liquid: plasma
45% formed components:

Front 74

Know the chambers of the heart and the flow of blood-

Back 74

Right ventricle sends oxygen-poor blood (blue) Left ventricle sends oxygen-rich blood (red)

Front 75

Artery, veins, and capillaries

Back 75

Artery- blood vessel that transports blood away from the heart
Veins- blood vessel that arises from venules and transports blood toward the heart
Capillaries- microscopic blood vessel; gases and other substances are exchanged across the walls of a capillary between blood and tissue fluid

Front 76

Erythrocyte & leukocyte

Back 76

Erythrocyte: ( red blood cell )
contains hemoglobin and carries oxygen from the lungs or gills to the tissues in vertebrates
Leukocyte: ( white blood cells )
several types, each having a specific function in protecting the body from invasion by foreign substances and organisms

Front 77

platelets-

Back 77

component of blood that is necessary to blood clotting

Front 78

Path of food through the digestive system, function of each part
Mouth:

Back 78

organ of the digestive tract where food is chewed up and mixed with saliva

Front 79

Esophagus :

Back 79

muscular tube for moving swallowed food from the pharynx to the stomach

Front 80

Stomach (pH?)
Small/Large intestine Size?

Back 80

pH of 2
Small intestine (length: 20 ft)
Large intestine (length: 5 ft)

Front 81

How many adult teeth?

Back 81

32

Front 82

What causes heartburn?

Back 82

-when some of the stomach contents escape into esophagus

Front 83

What happens to air as it passes into respiratory tract?

Back 83

-air is cleansed, warmed and moistened

Front 84

What is held open by cartilaginous rings?

Back 84

-Trachea

Front 85

How many lobes does the right/left lung have?
Why are they different?

Back 85

Right? 3
Left? 2
Allows room for the heart (apex points left)

Front 86

Respiratory system:
trachea:

Back 86

air tube that runs between the larynx and the bronchi

Front 87

bronchi:

Back 87

branch of trachea that leads to the lungs

Front 88

bronchioles:

Back 88

small tube that conducts air from a bronchus to the alveoli

Front 89

alveoli:

Back 89

terminal, microscopic, grapelike air sac found in the lungs

Front 90

Vital capacity:

Back 90

maximum volume of air that can be moved in and out during a single breath

Front 91

Tidal volume:

Back 91

amount of air inhaled and exhaled at rest

Front 92

Residual volume:

Back 92

after deep exhalation, some air remains in the lungs

Front 93

What has to happen for the lungs to expand during inhalation?

Back 93

The diaphragm must contract to a flattened position beneath your lungs. At the same time, the intercostal muscles between your ribs must also contract. These two features enable air to be sucked down into your lungs, which can then expand.

Front 94

UNIT 4
Which side of the brain controls the left side of the body?

Back 94

-Right side

Front 95

Where is grey matter located in the brain?

Back 95

-Surface layer

Front 96

“Fight or Flight” response:

Back 96

the instinctive physiological response to a threatening situation, which readies one either to resist forcibly or to run away.

Front 97

Areas of the brain:
Cerebrum

Back 97

-largest portion of the brain. Last center to receive sensory input and carry out integration before commanding voluntary motor responses.

Front 98

Cerebellum

Back 98

-In terrestrial vertebrates, portion of the brain that coordinates skeletal muscles to produce smooth, graceful motions

Front 99

Corpus callosum

Back 99

-Connects the two sides of the brain and facilitates communication between them

Front 100

What are the four types of sensory receptors?

Back 100

1. Chemoreceptors: respond to chemical substances in the immediate vicinity
2. Photoreceptors: respond to light energy
3. Mechanoreceptors: stimulated by mechanical forces which most often result in pressure of some sort
4.Thermoreceptors: stimulated by changes in the temperature

Front 101

Referred pain

Back 101

-stimulation of internal pain receptors is felt as pain from the skin, as well as the internal organs.

Front 102

How many types of taste cells? 10,000 Types of olfactory cells?

Back 102

1000 different types of receptor proteins

Front 103

Papillae

Back 103

-contain taste buds that are sensitive to sweet, sour, salty, bitter and perhaps umami

Front 104

Taste buds

Back 104

-structure in the vertebrate mouth containing sensory receptors for taste; on the tongue

Front 105

Blind spot

Back 105

-region of the retina, lacking rods or cones, where the optic nerve leaves the eye

Front 106

Rods

Back 106

-Photoreceptor in vertebrate eyes that responds to dim light

Front 107

Cones

Back 107

-Photoreceptor in vertebrate eyes that response to bright light and makes color vision possible

Front 108

Bones of the ear
Tympanic membrane

Back 108

-membranous region that receives air vibrations in an auditory organ; in humans, the eardrum

Front 109

Tendons

Back 109

-strap of fibrous connective tissue that connects skeletal muscle to bone

Front 110

Ligaments

Back 110

-tough cord or band of dense fibrous tissue that binds bone to bone at a joint

Front 111

Know the bones of the skeleton (list given on Ch. 19 study guide)

Back 111

Mandible radius
Cervical vertebrae (7) hand:carpals, metacarpals, phalanges
Thoracic vertebrae (12) foot:tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges
Lumbar vertebrae (5) pelvic girdle: ilium, ischium, pubis
Ribs femur
Sternum patella
Clavicle tibia
scapula fibula
humerus
ulna

Front 112

Muscles work in antagonistic pairs

Back 112

-movement in opposite directions

Front 113

Actin & Myosin Filaments

Back 113

Actin-thin filament
linked together at z line

Myosin-thick filament
“golf club” appearance

Front 114

Slow-twitch “Dark Muscle”

Back 114

-designed for endurance
-Produce most energy aerobically
-Dark in color from myoglobin
-substantial reserves of glycogen/fat

Front 115

Fast-twitch “White Muscle”

Back 115

-Designed for maximum strength
-short, rapid, explosive power
-anaerobic (without oxygen)
-builds up lactic acid -> fatigue

Front 116

Parts of the urinary system:

Back 116

Ureters-
conducting urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder.
Renal artery & vein-
located in the kidney.
Urinary bladder-
where urine is stored.
Urethra-
receives the urine from the bladder and carries it to the outside of the body.

Front 117

How much fluid is filtered by the kidneys each day?

Back 117

180 Liters

Front 118

How much urine produced?

Back 118

1.8 Liters

Front 119

Nephron function?
Bowman’s capsule-

Back 119

located in the kidney nephron. Structure: cup-like. Filtrates blood for urine

Front 120

Glomerulus-

Back 120

Located in the capillaries. Structure: round, double-walled. First step of filtering blood

Front 121

Proximal convoluted tubule-

Back 121

located in the kidney nephron. Structure: striated border. Active and passive absorption and carrier proteins

Front 122

Loop of Henle-

Back 122

Located in kidney nephron. Structure: solute gradient. Countercurrent, pump salt out, water follows, reabsorption of salt

Front 123

UNIT 5
Gregor Mendel

Back 123

-Father of Genetics, Creationist, his research confirmed the stability of created kinds. Darwin’s contemporary. Believed the Bible was true, Austrian monk.

Front 124

Allele

Back 124

-alternate forms of a gene for the same trait

Front 125

Homozygous

Back 125

-both alleles are the same

Front 126

Heterozygous

Back 126

-the two alleles are different

Front 127

Dominant vs Recessive?

Back 127

Dominant- (W) Dominant alleles mask the recessive trait
Recessive-(w)

Front 128

Genotype

Back 128

-alleles responsible for a given trait

Front 129

Phenotype

Back 129

-physical appearance of the trait

Front 130

Alleles for blood types

Back 130

-ABO Blood Types
-IA= A antigens on red blood cells (dominant)
-IB=B antigens on red blood cells (dominant)
-i=has neither A nor B antigens on red blood cells
-Both IA and IB are dominant over i (recessive)
-IA and IB are codominant

Front 131

Autosome

Back 131

-Chromosome that isn’t a sex chromosome

Front 132

How many human chromosomes?

Back 132

-23 pairs

Front 133

Sex-linked genes (know color-blindness example)

Back 133

-alleles on the sex chromosomes
-red-green colorblindness
-Xb=colorblindness
Genotypes Phenotypes
XbXb colorblind female
XBY male with normal color vision
XbY colorblind male

Front 134

Who discovered the structure of DNA?

Back 134

-James Watson and Francis Crick
-built a double helix model to demonstrate concept
-Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins
-Took X-ray pictures of DNA (double helix)

Front 135

DNA bases

Back 135

-Adenine A) a purine
-Guanine G) a purine
-Thymine T) a pyrimidine
-Cytosine C) a pyrimidine

Front 136

RNA bases

Back 136

-Adenine A
-Guanine G
-Cytosine C
-Uracil U

Front 137

Codon

Back 137

-Three-base sequence in messenger RNA that during translation directs the addition of a particular amino acid into a protein or directs termination of the process

Front 138

Anticodon

Back 138

-Three-base sequence in a transfer RNA molecule base that pairs with a complementary codon in mRNA

Front 139

Transcription

Back 139

-making a readable copy of gene from DNA
-”Transcribe”= to make a written copy
-Happens inside the nucleus

Front 140

Translation

Back 140

-Using the gene’s instructions to construct protein
-”Translate” = to turn from one language to another
-Happens at ribosome on E.R. or in cytoplasm

Front 141

Exon

Back 141

-joined together (“expressed segments”)
Intron
-sections are cut out (“intragene segments”)

Front 142

Intron

Back 142

-sections are cut out (“intragene segments”)

Front 143

Requirements for Natural Selection

Back 143

1.Individual heritable variation- members of a population differ, differences can be inherited by offspring
2. Overproduction & Competition- (Thomas Malthus) not enough resources to support all offspring produced
3. Differential Reproduction- some individuals leave more offspring
4. Adaption- descent with modification. Nature “selects” the best traits in each generation

Front 144

According to your book, how old is the earth? The oldest fossil cell?

Back 144

Earth: 4.6 billion years
Oldest Fossil Cell: 3.5 billion years

Front 145

Evidence used in support of evolution

Back 145

1. Fossil Evidence
2. Biogeographical Evidence
3. Anatomical Evidence
4. Biochemical Evidence

Front 146

Convergent evolution

Back 146

-similarity and structure in distantly related groups generally due to similar selective pressures in like environments

Front 147

Microevolution

Back 147

-Evolution occurring at the population level
-Genetic changes occur within a population
-Individuals do not evolve
-Evolution=A change in gene frequencies within a population over time
-When two populations diverge, they can become separate species

Front 148

Macroevolution

Back 148

-Large-scale evolutionary change, such as the formation of a new species

Front 149

Known evolutionary mechanisms (violations of Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium)
Evolutionary mechanisms:

Back 149

-Mutation
-Genetic Drift
-Gene Flow
-Nonrandom mating
-Natural Selection

Front 150

Source of new genetic material?

Back 150

-Mutation

Front 151

Three definitions of evolution:

Back 151

1. Change
2. Universal Common Descent
3. Creative power (mutation + natural selection)

Front 152

Cambrian Explosion:

Back 152

was the relatively rapid appearance, around 542 million years ago, of most major animal phyla, as demonstrated in the fossil record.

Front 153

Weaknesses of Anatomical Homology evidence?

Back 153

1. Homology in anatomical forms is to be expected because it is functional (good design)
2. Different developmental pathways are used to grow homologous anatomical parts
3. Different genes are used to code for the homologous parts. If they inherited those traits from a common ancestor, they should be the same genes.

Front 154

Weaknesses of Molecular Homology evidence?

Back 154

1. Genetic code is not universal (18 “languages” so far)
2. Molecular trees don’t match anatomical trees.
3. Even similar molecules (18s & 28s rRNA) yield different trees.
4. Different labs analyzing the same molecule yield different trees.
5. Molecular clocks (mutation rates) are not constant.

Front 155

Ernst Haekel’s drawings:

Back 155

embryo drawings were inaccurate (falsified)

Front 156

Where are the oldest fossil marsupials found?

Back 156

China

Front 157

"Quote To Know"

Back 157

Major mutations are no viable , and viable mutations are not major