Endocrinology Exam 1

Front 1

Why is signal transduction necessary in endocrinology?

Back 1

to synthesize and release hormones

Front 2

Name some classical endocrine glands

Back 2

pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pineal, and thymus

Front 3

Which organs produce both homrones and exocrine products?

Back 3

pancrease and gonads

Front 4

which organ has both neural functions and releases hormones?

Back 4

the hypothalamus

Front 5

Name some non classical endocrine glands

Back 5

adipose cells, pockets of small intestine, stomach, kidneys, heart

Front 6

which system can overide normal endocrine controls and modifies the stimulation of endocrine glands?

Back 6

the nevrous system

Front 7

two physical features of endocrine glands

Back 7

ductless and extensively vascularized

Front 8

Two possible locations of hormone receptors?

Back 8

membrane-bound or intracelular

Front 9

where are hormones secreted into?

Back 9

the blood stream

Front 10

what types of input regulated glands?

Back 10

nueronal/homronal

Front 11

can the same hormone have different effect?

Back 11

yes, it depends on the target tissue

Front 12

two types of local hormones? define each

Back 12

paracrine- affects neighboring cell
autocrine-affects self

Front 13

pheromones?

Back 13

affect another individual of the same species

Front 14

allelochemicals

Back 14

affect another individual of a different species

Front 15

Which type of hormone has the longest life?

Back 15

glycoproteins

Front 16

What are the 3 steps of hormone action/mechanism?

Back 16

1. hormone recognized and binds to receptor
2. H-R complex coupled to/creates a signal-generating mechanism
3. signal creates a 2nd messenger that alters the activity/concentration of enzymes

Front 17

3 methods of communication between cells? define each

Back 17

Neurotransmision: NT into a synapse that stimulate
Endocrine comunication: hormones thru blood stream to target cell
Neuroendocrine: modified neurons release nuerohormones into blood stream then affect target cell

Front 18

Types of cell signal (7) define each

Back 18

Classic endocrine
neuroendocrine
autoendocrine
paracine regulation
eocrine reglation
juxtacrine: contact btwn cells
matricine: commmunivate thru the matrix

Front 19

what are pheromones passed thru?

Back 19

fecal, sweat, urine

Front 20

what is meatbolic clearance? what factors affect it?

Back 20

-the half-life, onset, and duration of hormone activity

-rate of release; speed of its inactivation and removal from the body

Front 21

What are the 3 steps of hormone action/mechanism?

Back 21

1. hormone recognized and binds to receptor
2. H-R complex coupled to/creates a signal-generating mechanism
3. signal creates a 2nd messenger that alters the activity/concentration of enzymes

Front 22

3 methods of communication between cells? define each

Back 22

Neurotransmision: NT into a synapse that stimulate
Endocrine comunication: hormones thru blood stream to target cell
Neuroendocrine: modified neurons release nuerohormones into blood stream then affect target cell

Front 23

Types of cell signal (7) define each

Back 23

Classic endocrine
neuroendocrine
autoendocrine
paracine regulation
eocrine reglation
juxtacrine: contact btwn cells
matricine: commmunivate thru the matrix

Front 24

what are pheromones passed thru?

Back 24

fecal, sweat, urine

Front 25

what is meatbolic clearance? what factors affect it?

Back 25

-the half-life, onset, and duration of hormone activity

-rate of release; speed of its inactivation and removal from the body

Front 26

What are the 3 steps of hormone action/mechanism?

Back 26

1. hormone recognized and binds to receptor
2. H-R complex coupled to/creates a signal-generating mechanism
3. signal creates a 2nd messenger that alters the activity/concentration of enzymes

Front 27

3 methods of communication between cells? define each

Back 27

Neurotransmision: NT into a synapse that stimulate
Endocrine comunication: hormones thru blood stream to target cell
Neuroendocrine: modified neurons release nuerohormones into blood stream then affect target cell

Front 28

Types of cell signal (7) define each

Back 28

Classic endocrine
neuroendocrine
autoendocrine
paracine regulation
eocrine reglation
juxtacrine: contact btwn cells
matricine: commmunivate thru the matrix

Front 29

what are pheromones passed thru?

Back 29

fecal, sweat, urine

Front 30

what is meatbolic clearance? what factors affect it?

Back 30

-the half-life, onset, and duration of hormone activity

-rate of release; speed of its inactivation and removal from the body

Front 31

allostasis?

Back 31

changes in the body in order to keep homeostatic systems in balance

Front 32

What are the 8 necessary components of endocrine regulatory systems (ExAm ?)

Back 32

1. detect actual/threat of homeostatic imbalance
2. coupling mechanism to activate hormone secretory aparatus
3. secretory apparatus
4. hormone
5. end-organ capable of responding to the hormone
6. detector to recognize that effect has occured and signal can be shut off
7. mechanism for removing the hormone
8. synthetic apparatus to replenish hormone

Front 33

Contrast free and bound hormones?

Back 33

Free hormones are more supsceptible to degreadation but Bound hormones must either be more attracted to the recpetor than the carrier or be able to degrade the binding protein

Front 34

what does positive feed back do regarding deviation from the set point?

Back 34

it increases it

Front 35

name a positive feedback mechanism

Back 35

breast feeding where contraction leads to increase in oxitocin
-

Front 36

Describe Aristotles Experiment (exam ?)

Back 36

-cut off both testes of a rooster- feminine
-cut off 1 teste of a rooster-masculine due to compensatory hypertrophy
-added 1 teste of another animal-masculine

Front 37

Charles Brown-Sequard introduced?

Back 37

hormone repalcement therapy (ie premrin from pregnant horse urine for postmenopausal women)

Front 38

Starling did what?

Back 38

-describe the hormone as a non-nueral signal in the blood stream
-Worked w/ secretin, which stimulates the pancrease to secrete biocarbonate into the intestine when acid from intestine enters the stomach
-cut the the nerve btwn the pancrease and th gut to show that it was a soluble product and not a nerve product

Front 39

Otto Loewi?

Back 39

similar experiment to Starling only w/t he heart

Front 40

Dale's principle?

Back 40

one cell- one messenter

Front 41

What did Rosalyn YAlow develop?

Back 41

the radioimmunoassay for the measurement of small concentrations of hormones

Front 42

who coined the term homeostasis?

Back 42

cannon

Front 43

what effect do steroids have on sperm?

Back 43

they reduce the preduction due to negative feedback

Front 44

What did Leo Stanely do?

Back 44

Organo therapy- removed testicles of recently executed inmates and transplanted them to inmates that clainmed sexual dysfunction. even used other animals

Front 45

Beside muscle growth what other growths do anabolic steroids cause?

Back 45

tumor growth