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232 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Classical endo organs
(7) |
Pituitary, thyroid, pancreas, adrenals, gonads, placenta, pineal
(make up the) |
|
Non-classical endo organs (7)
|
Brain, adipose, skin, heart, GI tract, liver, kidneys
|
|
3 features of a hormone
|
produced by organ in small amounts,
released into blood stream, transported to a distant organ to exert some action |
|
Tropic hormones
|
affect other endo organs
|
|
nontropic hormones
(target) |
non-endo organs
(are affected by this type of hormone) |
|
Classes of hormones (5)
|
amines, polypeptides, proteins, steroids, arachidonic acid derivatives.
|
|
thyroid hormones
(are this class of hormones) |
amines
(include this classical endo organ's hormones) |
|
Classification of TRH
|
polypeptide (3 aas)
|
|
Classification of TSH
|
protein
|
|
Classification of prostaglandins
|
Arachidonic acid derivatives
|
|
Prohormone
|
has an amino terminus sequence that needs trimmed for activation.
|
|
Preprohormone
|
has an internal cleavage site that must be cut to generate two active molecules.
|
|
Circhoral
|
released with a frequency of about 1 hour.
|
|
Ultradian
|
released at intervals longer than 1 hour but less than 24 hours.
|
|
Circadian
|
released at an interval of about 24 hours.
|
|
Quotidian (diurnal)
|
release generally occurs each day.
|
|
Circatrigintan
|
release occurs approximately every 30 days.
|
|
Circannual (seasonal)
|
release takes place on a yearly basis.
|
|
Inhibitory control
|
When one hormone must be suppressed to allow another to act.
|
|
Have unknown ligands
|
Orphan nuclear receptors.
|
|
Kinases that turn on NRs (5)
|
CDK,
MapK, PKC, PKA, AKT / PKB |
|
ANGEL
|
Activator of nongenomic estrogen-like signaling.
|
|
Serm
|
Selectively active estrogen response factors.
|
|
ELISA
|
enzyme-linked imunosorbent assay.
|
|
Frog skin bioassay
(tests upregulation of this hormone) |
MSH
(upregulation can be tested via this assay) |
|
Nb2 lymphoma cell bioassay tests binding of a molecule to which receptor?
|
Prolactin
|
|
Who is Yalow?
|
Got NP in 1977 for competition assay.
|
|
What are the two radiolabels often used to tag stuff?
|
125I and 3H
|
|
Membrane crossing hormones
(the classes) |
Steroids, Thyroids
(can interact with cells by) |
|
Volume of plasma cleared of hormone per unit time:
|
Metabolic clearance rate:
|
|
Metabolic control:
|
When a prohormone is metabolized to become active:
|
|
AP
|
Anterior pituitary
|
|
PP
|
Posterior pituitary
|
|
Nuclei that connect with
the posterior pituitary |
supraoptic nucleus (SON) and
paraventricular nucleus (PVN) |
|
SON
|
Supraoptic nucleus
|
|
PVN
|
Paraventricular nucleus
|
|
Hypophysis
|
Pituitary gland
|
|
Pars distalis
|
Anterior lobe of the adenohypophysis.
|
|
Neurohypophysis
|
Posterior pituitary, neural component.
|
|
Adenohypophysis
|
Anterior pituitary, glandular component.
|
|
pituitary gland
(is made up of two parts, what are their complex names) |
Adenohypophysis and
neurohypophysis (are two parts of the) |
|
Pars intermedia
|
Intermediate lobe of the adenohypophysis
|
|
Pars nervosa
|
Posterior lobe of the neurohypophysis
|
|
Oral ectoderm
|
Roof of primitive mouth
|
|
Neuroectoderm
|
Base of developing diencephalon.
|
|
Part of the pituitary derived from nervous tissue
|
Posterior pituitary.
|
|
Hormones released by posterior pituitary
|
Oxytocin and Vasopressin
|
|
Where posterior pit hormones are made
|
Paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei of the hypothalamus
|
|
Name for transport of oxytocin and vasopressin between hypothalamus and pituitary
|
Axonal transport
|
|
Where oxytocin and vasopressin are released into general circulation
|
Terminal buttons, found in the posterior pituitary
|
|
Part of the pituitary affected by hypothalamic-releasing and hypothalamic-inhibiting hormones
|
Anterior pituitary
|
|
Portal system of hypothalamus and anterior pituitary carry which hormones?
|
All the releasing and inhibiting hormones.
|
|
Gonadotropin RH
(causes the release of) |
FSH, LH
|
|
FSH and LH target
|
Ovaries and testes
|
|
FSH and LH target the ovaries and testes and result in their production of
|
Androgens and estrogen
|
|
Corticotropin RH causes the release of
|
Adrenocorticotropin (ACTH)
|
|
ACTH targets
|
Adrenal gland
|
|
ACTH targets the adrenal gland and results in production of
|
Cortisol
|
|
Thyrotropin RH causes the release of
|
TSH, prolactin
|
|
TSH and prolactin target the
|
Thyroid gland
|
|
TSH and prolactin
(target the thyroid to cause production of) |
Thyroxine
(is generated by the thyroid under stimulation of these two hormones) |
|
GRH and GIH control the release of
|
Growth hormone
|
|
Growth hormone targets
|
Cells throughout the body
|
|
Prolactin RH causes the release of prolactin which targets the
|
Bones, breasts, thyroid, and cells of the body
|
|
This integrates the activities of the endocrine and nervous systems and is the core of the endocrine system
|
Hypothalamic-pituitary axis
|
|
Glial elements of the posterior pituitary
|
Pituicytes
|
|
An endocrine organ considered to be an extension of the hypothalamus
|
Posterior pituitary gland
|
|
Composition of the posterior pituitary gland
|
Pituicytes, unmyelinated nerve fibers, and the axon terminals of neurons that originated in the supraoptic or paraventricular hypothalamic nuclei
|
|
OT
|
Oxytocin
|
|
AVP
|
Arginine vasopressin
|
|
ADH
|
Antidiuretic hormone
|
|
Another name for arginine vasopressin (AVP)
|
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
|
|
Peptide hormones of the posterior pituitary
|
Oxytocin and arginine vasopressin
|
|
Kind of bond that forms loops in OT and ADH
|
Cysteine bonds
|
|
Number of peptides in OT and ADH
|
9
|
|
Half-life of OT and ADH in blood
|
< 5 minutes
|
|
Organs that remove OT and ADH from blood
|
Liver, kidney, brain
|
|
State of travel of OT and ADH in blood
|
Unchaperoned
|
|
Oxytocin, targeting the mammary gland, causes
|
Milk ejection
|
|
Oxytocin targets what during pregnancy to what effect?
|
The smooth muscle of the uterus to increase contraction
|
|
This hormone may help establish maternal behavior
|
Oxytocin
|
|
This hormone is generated by males and is present at ejaculation
|
Oxytocin
|
|
Stress may inhibit the release of this hormone
|
Oxytocin
|
|
Physical stimulation can help generate production of this hormone
|
Oxytocin
|
|
Suckling can inhibit release of this hormone
|
Oxytocin
|
|
The precursor to the hormone that targets the mammary glands and uterus, and where it is processed
|
Prepro-oxyphysin, processed on it's traverse to the posterior pituitary
|
|
Two products of prepro-oxyphysin processing
|
OT, Neurophysin I
|
|
Neurophysin I
(origin, location, and function) |
Comes from oxytocin precursor; stored in secretory vesicles with oxytocin and released with oxytocin, biological action is unclear
(what hormone is this) |
|
Oxytocin's mechanism of action
|
Recognized by a G-protein coupled membrane receptor,
activates IP3/Ca2+ pathways, calcium rises, kinases are activated, myosin / actin contraction stimulated. |
|
Affect of ADH on kidneys (general)
|
Water retention
|
|
Affect of '''excess ADH'''
|
Arteriole restriction, increased arteriole blood pressure
|
|
Regulatory mechanism of ADH
|
Plasma osmolality
|
|
Location of osmoreceptors
|
Hypothalamus
|
|
Clinical result of lacking ADH
|
Hypothalamic diabetes insipidus
|
|
Clinical result of lacking ADH response
|
Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus
|
|
Definition of insipid
|
Boring, uneffective
|
|
Indicator of hypothalamic diabetes insipidus or nephrogenic diabetes insipidus
|
Increased urine output
|
|
Precursor of arginine vasopressin
|
Prepro-pressophysin
|
|
Products of processing prepro-pressophysin
|
AVP, neurophysin II, and a glycoprotein (maybe?)
|
|
AVP's mechanims of action
|
Binds to receptors in renal tubules,
increased solute uptake in ascending loop of Henle, increased water permeability in distal convoluted tubule, increased water permeability in collecting duct. Ultimately, urine production decreases. |
|
The three AVP receptors
|
VR1, VR2, VR3
|
|
ADH receptors are what type of membrane receptors
|
G-protein coupled
|
|
VR1 and VR2 (ADH receptors) use this secondary messenger
|
cAMP
|
|
VR1 is a receptor for which hormone and uses what type of molecular mechanismr?
|
ADH, IP3 / Ca++ pathway activation
|
|
Affects of VR receptors and ADH stimulation
|
VD1: vasoconstriction
VD2: aquaporin insertion in membrane, permeability rises, urine flow decreases VD3: stimulation of adrenocorticotropin release |
|
ADH receptor found in the kidney
|
VR2
|
|
ADH receptor found in the anterior pituitary
|
VR3
|
|
ADH receptor found in all tissues except the kidney
|
VR1
|
|
Actions of ADH other than antidiuresis
|
Stimulate ACTH secretion,
promote glycogen to glycogen-phosphate conversion in liver, facilitate memory consolidation and retrieval, and vasoconstriction (can all be caused by this hormone) |
|
2003 Nobel prize in Chemistry
|
Peter Agre, JHs, aquaporins;
MacKinnon, Rockefeller, ion channels. |
|
This part of the heart detects high blood pressure
|
heart atrial volume receptors
|
|
Central diabetes insipidus is caused by
|
An AVP deficiency
|
|
Symptoms of central diabetes insipidus include
|
Frequent urination, inability to produce concentrated urine, and excessive thirst
|
|
Polyuria is defined as
|
Frequent urination
|
|
Genetic defects in AVP or a dysfunction of the hypothalamic-pituitary complex would result in
|
Central diabetes insipidus
|
|
Treatment for central diabetes insipidus
|
A specific VR2 agonist, longer half-life of AVP, more-potent-than-natural AVP supplement
|
|
Peripheral diabetes insipidus is caused by
|
Hyporesponsivness of the kidney to AVP
|
|
Genetic defects of the AVP receptor or injury to the kidneys can result in
|
diabetes isipidus
|
|
Symptoms of peripheral diabetes insipidus
|
Frequent urination, inability to produce concentrated urine, and excessive thirst
|
|
Treatment for peripheral diabetes insipidus
|
give antidiuretic drug chlorpropamide (sulphylourea) which increases
kidney tubule sensitivity to AVP. |
|
Chlorpropamide
|
Also called sulphylourea, increases kidney tubule sensitivity to AVP.
|
|
How to treat missing or defective hormones
(what and how) |
Administer supplements; orally if small, injection if large
(in the case of) |
|
How to treat missing or defective hormone receptor
|
Gene therapy, supplement with downstream molecules.
|
|
SIADH
|
Syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion
|
|
Excess ADH as seen in SIADH leads to
|
Water retention, from mild to severe (convulsions, coma, death)
(can be seen because of excess of ADH ins what disease) |
|
Treatment for excessive ADH
|
Control water intake,
Decrease central AVP release (e.g. Naloxone), Block AVP action on the kidney (e.g. Demeclocycline) |
|
Naloxone
|
Decreases central AVP release
|
|
Demeclocycline
|
Blocks AVP action in the kidney
|
|
Potential causes of ADH excess (SIADH) include
|
anesthetics; drugs (nicotine, narcotics); some tumors secrete ADH-like substances
|
|
Two drugs that can increase ADH release are
|
Nicotine and narcotics
|
|
Corticotropes generate
|
ACTH
|
|
TSH (is generated by these cells)
|
Thyrotropes (generate this hormone)
|
|
LH and FSH are generated by
|
Gonadotropes
|
|
GH is generated by
|
Somatropes
|
|
Prolactin is generated by
|
Lactotropes
|
|
The five cell populations of the anterior pituitary
|
Gonadotropes, Corticotropes, Thyrotropes, Lactotropes, and Somatropes
|
|
A 191 aa hormone
|
Growth hormone
(length) |
|
A 198 aa hormone
|
Prolactin
|
|
Length of adrenocorticotrophic hormone
|
39 aas
|
|
Regulates lactation
|
Prolactin
|
|
Growth hormone regulates this
|
Linear growth
|
|
Function of ACTH
|
Regulate adrenal function
|
|
This hormone regulates the thyroid
|
TSH
|
|
Function of LH
|
Regulates corpus luteum formation,
estrogen / progesterone secretion, and androgen secretion |
|
Function of FSH
|
Regulates ovarian follicle growth and spermatogenesis
|
|
Name the 5 anterior pituitary trophic hormones
|
GH, TSH, LH, FSH, PRL
|
|
The three members of the GH / PRL superfamily
|
GH, PRL, and chorionic somatotrophin (CS)
|
|
Mechanism by which GH, PRL, and CS came about
|
Gene duplication of GH.
|
|
(name) the two systems that control the organs
|
(function of) endocrine and nervous systems
|
|
Unlike ponds, endo glands are
|
ductless
|
|
non-classical endo organs (8)
|
GI tract, uterus, brain, skin, heart, liver, kidneys, adipose tissue
|
|
what is the criteria for being a "non-classical" endo organ?
|
primary function is not endocrine in nature.
|
|
Features of endocrine glands (3)
|
ductless, well vascularized, small
|
|
Characteristics of an hormone (3)
|
Produced in small amounts,
released into blood stream, transported to a distant organ to exert some action. |
|
Tropic hormones target
|
endo organs
|
|
non-tropic hormones target
|
non endo organs / tissues.
|
|
This hormone is both tropic and nontropic
|
Growth hormone
|
|
Two classes of hormones that can come from a single amino acid
|
Amines, thyroid hormones (tyrosine)
|
|
Prostaglandins are hormones of which class?
|
Arachadonic acid derivatives
|
|
Prohormone has
|
an amino terminus sequence that gets cleaved off for activation
|
|
Preprohormone
(has a cleavage site where) |
internal cleavage site
(is posessed by this type of peptide hormone precursor) |
|
Preprohormones and prohormones
(apply to what 2 classes of hormones) |
Peptide / protein hormones
(have what two entities as precursors) |
|
Peptide / protein hormones obtain secondary structure where in the cell?
|
As it proceeds from the ER to the golgi.
|
|
Tyrosine and cholesterol are needed for production of which classes of proteins?
|
thyroids and steroids
|
|
Amine and protein transport method
|
Free floating in blood (classes of hormones)
|
|
Steroid and thyroid '''transport''' method
|
Bound to proteins in the blood stream (are these two classes of hormones)
|
|
General carrier proteins, found in the blood
|
albumins, prealbumins
(function and location) |
|
Class of specific carrier proteins found in the blood.
|
Globulins (function and location)
|
|
TBG
|
a globulin in the blood
|
|
Three example globulins in the blood
|
TBG, CBG, TeBG (the superfamily to which these belong)
|
|
CBG
(function and location) |
a globulin in the blood
(acronym) |
|
TeBG
|
a globulin in the blood
|
|
IGF method of transport
|
Protein-bound, even though they are insoluble and wouldn't necessarily need it.
|
|
These two organs do most of the hormone clearing
|
Kidney and liver (their primary function regarding hormones)
|
|
Percentage of hormones that get excreted in functional form
|
<1% (what does this percentage represent regarding hormones)
|
|
With bound hormones, what slows clearance?
|
The higher the affinity, the slower the...
|
|
(This is) inversely proportional to the MCR
|
The half-life of an hormone (is defined as)
|
|
Four ways hormones can be used for regulation in the body
|
Reproduction,
Growth and development, Maintenance of internal environment, Regulation of energy balance |
|
(5) hormones that can control lypolysis
|
catecholamines,
glucagon, secretin, prolactin, beta-lipotropin (can all control what cellular process) |
|
(4 hormones needed for) mammary gland development
|
prolactin,
estradiol, progesterone, glucocorticoids (are all required for what) |
|
(describe)
a simple endocrine system |
A small amount of hormone secreted for a short period of time
(constitutes what kind of endocrine control system?) |
|
(describe) the negative feedback system of TSH
|
anterior pit -> TSH -> thyroid -> T3 and T4 -> pit -| TSH
(this is an example of what kind of endocrine control system) |
|
(describe) the positive feedback system related to breast-feeding
|
suckling at nipple -> neuro signal -> posterior pit -> oxytocin -> increased sensitivity at nipple
(this is an example of what type of endocrine control system) |
|
(Name the)
two mechanisms that control the amount of hormone released |
Mode of release and feedback
(ultimately determine) |
|
(name the three categories of) endocrine diseases
|
Deficiencies, excess, resistance (are three ways to generate)
|
|
(define) hormone resistance
|
when the reaction to an hormone is not normal
|
|
affinity (determines)
|
specificity (is determined by)
|
|
Full physiological response to an hormone generally occurs before
|
all receptors are bound with hormone
|
|
(define) agonist
|
horomones or analogs that bind and elicit the same biological response
|
|
(define) partial agonist
|
same as agonist, but are less active than native hormone
|
|
competitive antagnoist
|
competes with hormone for receptor, thus stopping normal response
|
|
partial antagonist
|
binds to receptor but doesn't completely stop biological response
|
|
(3 hormones that all bind to)
tyrosine kinase receptors |
EGF, PDGFs, FGFs
(all bind to these kinds of receptors) |
|
(This kind of receptor has)
multiple subunits that come together to bind the hormone |
Cytokine receptor superfamily
(unique mechanism of this receptor class) |
|
Cytokine receptors (require this subunit to bind for kinase activity)
|
JAK
(give which receptor kinase activity) |
|
STAT
(stands for) |
Signal transducer and transcription factor
(associated acronym) |
|
The Classical endocrine organs (are, 7)
|
Pituitary,
Thyroid, Pancreas, Adrenals, Gonads, Pineal, Placenta (are all what type of endo organs) |
|
"Very low concentration" (molarity range)
|
10-7 to 10-12
(is considered) |
|
Tropic hormones
(are associated with what type of endocrine pathway) |
Complex neuroendocrine pathways
(generally utilize what type of hormones) |
|
Nontrophic hormones (are associated with what type of endocrine pathway)
|
Simple neuroendocrine pathways (generally utilize what type of hormones)
|
|
Epinepherine
(is what derived from) |
(name one example of an hormone derived from)
tyrosine |
|
Thyroid hormones
(are derived from) |
(name two hormones generated from)
two iodinated tyrosine amino acids |
|
(number of aas in)
TRH |
(is made of)
3 (amino acids) |
|
(Parental hormonal class of)
ADH |
(Give one example of an hormone that is a)
Polypeptide |
|
(name the two subunits of)
TSH |
alpha-GSU and TSH-beta
(form to generate) |
|
(define)
cryptic peptide |
a peptide sequence that may not have a known biological activity
(is called a) |
|
(define)
spacer |
the region of aa between two biologically active peptides
(is called a) |
|
(this is still occurring during the removal of the)
signal peptide sequence |
translation
(is still occurring when this is being removed) |
|
(location of)
peptide signal removal |
endoplasmic reticulum
(is the location of) |
|
Hormones
(may be stored in / released via) |
Granules
(can be used to store / release) |
|
(Min and max of)
hormone release frequency |
every 5 minutes to once each year
(is the range of) |
|
Albumins and prealbumins
(generally carry) |
nonspecific, smaller molecules
(are generally carried by) |
|
GH travels
(bound or unbound) |
Bound, even though it is a protein.
(name a protein hormone that travels in the blood bound) |
|
(Half-life of an)
amine |
minutes
(is how long this class of hormones lasts in the blood) |
|
(half-life, in a range of time, of a)
peptide hormone |
minutes to hours
(is how long this class of hormones lasts in the blood) |
|
(half life of)
thyroid hormones |
approximately 1 day
(is how long these hormones last in the blood) |
|
Prolactin is continually blocked by dopamine from the hypothalamus
(which is an example of what type of control) |
Inhibitory control
(is exemplified by) |
|
(name the three factors that affect)
the hormone response |
Hormone concentration, receptor concentration, hormone-receptor affinity
(are the three things that affect) |
|
Hypothalamic magnocellular system
(is also called the) |
Paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei
(make up the) |
|
(precursor of)
oxytocin and neurophysin 1 |
Prepro-oxyphysin
(is cleaved to generate) |
|
(regulates levels of)
ADH |
plasma osmolality
(regulates release of which hormone) |
|
osmoreceptors
(are found where) |
hypothalamus
(contains these receptors) |
|
Prepro-pressophysin
(is processed into) |
AVP, neurophysin 2, and a glycoprotein (maybe)
(all come from the processing of) |
|
Prepro-pressophysin and prepro-oxyphysin
(are processed when) |
as they pass from the magnocellular system of the hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary
(these are processed) |
|
VR1
(is a receptor for) |
AVP
(is bound by this receptor in all tissues except the kidney) |
|
Desmopressin
(has 3 advantages over natural AVP for diabetes insipidus patients) |
Targets a specific V2 receptor,
Longer half life, More potent (these are the advantages of this drug over AVP) |
|
chlorpropamide
(is a synonym for) |
sulphylourea
(is a synonym for) |
|
chlopropamide
(causes) |
increased kidney tubule sensitivity to AVP
(can be generated by administration of) |
|
large endo molecules
(are likely to be administered via) |
injection delivery
(is likely to be used for these endo molecules) |
|
small endo molecules
(are likely to be administered via) |
oral delivery
(is likely to be used for these endo molecules) |
|
(causes of)
SIADH |
anesthetics, drugs, tumors that secrete ADH-like substances
(can all cause) |
|
SIADH
|
syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion
(acronym) |