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136 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Kingdom |
Highest rank in grouping living organism, according to taxonomy |
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Heterotrophs |
Inject other organisms for energy |
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Invertebrates |
Don't have a spinal cord |
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squid's Pen |
Shell of the squid providing support for the mantle |
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Squid's Mantle |
Muscle layer that encloses internal organs |
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Squid's tentacles (2) |
Longer than arms (6), have hooks for grabbing prey |
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Motile |
able to move |
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Non- vascular |
no transport system for transporting nutrients and water. Mosses are short because they are non- vascular, and this feature stunts their growth |
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Gametophyte |
Is a Haploid stage (n) stage in Bryophytes, they produce games through mitoses (not meiosis because the gametes are already haploid) |
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Bryophyte |
Phylum of mosses are nonvascular, seedless, reproduce through production of spores, also need water for sperm to move to egg for reproduction |
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Mycelium |
main part of the mushroom which is underground. Mycelium is a loose network of hypae |
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mycorrhiza |
a fungus that grows in association with roots of a plant in a symbiotic or mildly pathogenic relationship |
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Mating strains |
Have to be compatible to be able to mate and produce fertile offsprings |
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Cilia |
hair-like structures that help an organism move, move is a rhythmic motion |
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Nucleoid |
region in a prokaryote cell that contains DNA (almost like a nucleus) |
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coccus |
round bacteria |
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Staphylo- |
group or a clump of bacteria |
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Obligate Anaerobe |
Die in presences of oxygen |
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Plasmid |
DNA in ring-like form |
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extremophile |
live in extreme environments like hot springs Related to archaea |
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Phylum |
Taxonomic category that rank below Kingdom |
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Autotroph |
Organism that can make their own food (through photosynthesis or other methods) |
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Ectoderm |
Outer layer, ex. skin 1st germ layer) |
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Radial Symmetry |
Symmetry around a central axis |
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Vascular |
transport system which (equal) passes water and nutrients to all cells Advantages 1. Helps organism develop and get bigger 2. Provides each cell with same amount of nutrients and water |
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Sporophyte |
The diploid (2n) generation in Bryophyte 2 gametophyte (n) mate produce sporophyte (2n) which produces spores (n), spores germinate and form protonema which then grow into gametophyte |
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Pteridophyte |
Phylum of plants, they are vascular, seedless, live mostly as sporophyte |
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Septa |
Hyphae divided into cells by walls called septa |
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fragmentation |
Fragmentation bacteria makes yogurt |
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dikaryotic |
2 nucleus in one cell (occurs in fungi: Basidiomycetes) |
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flagella |
Tail-like structure that enables cells to swim |
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pathogenic |
Bacteria or viruses that can cause diseases |
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Capsule |
a tough membrane; used when an organism goes into dormant phase |
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Bacillus |
Rod-like shaped bacteria |
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Gram-positive |
color purple, thick peptidoglycan layer only in bacteria |
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Facultative Anaerobe |
Bacteria can with or without oxygen |
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Endospores |
occurs in dormant phase, capluse from to protect organism during unfavorable environments |
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Thermophile |
Live in extremely hot environment |
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Homo sapiens |
humans |
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Prokaryote |
No nucleus OR complex organelles |
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Mesoderm |
middle layer of the germ layer |
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Bilateral symmetry |
body plan splits into 2 halves on one plane |
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External Fertilization |
egg and sperm meet outside the female's body |
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Gymnosperms |
Phylum of plants; reproduces through seeds (naked) |
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Sori |
dark circles where spores are found in Pteridophytes |
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Hyphae |
network of thin filaments, they are densely packed |
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saprophytic |
Obtain nutrients from dead material, play a vital role in the environment (eat dead plants and animals) |
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Fruiting body |
Reproductive structure of mushroom |
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Protozoa |
animal- like protist |
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pseudopod |
Surface of an amoebia cell for movement and feeding |
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nonpathogenic |
doesn't cause disease |
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peptidoglycan |
Pepti= Protien glycan = sugar |
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spirillium |
spiral shaped bacteria |
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Gram Negative |
Pink, thin layer of Peptidoglycan |
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Microaerophile |
live in low O2, but high CO2 environments |
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acidophile |
lives in extremely acidic environments |
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Taxonomy |
system of classifying organisms |
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Eukaryote |
contain nucleus, and other complex organelle like mitochondria |
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Endoderm |
Inner most germ layer (e.g.digestive track) |
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Coelom |
Body cavity consisting of organs |
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Cephalization |
nervous tissues concentrated on one side of the body (ex. brain) |
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Angiosperms |
phylum of plants= coated seeds, with fruit, vascular |
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Pollen |
contains male gamete |
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Chitin |
main component of the exoskeleton in arthopods |
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Parasitic |
cause disease |
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gill |
Gills whom are lined with basidia |
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Algae |
plant-like protist (lack stem, roots, leaves, and vascular tissue) |
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Vector |
Transfer pathogens |
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Gut Flora |
ASK |
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Pilli |
Bacteria have them, use them during conjugation |
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Binary Fission |
Asexual reproduction in bacteria (like mitosis) |
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Halophiles |
likes in extremely salty conditions |
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Binomial Nomenclature |
Used to name organism; genus followed by species name |
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Vertebrate |
have backbone |
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Asymmetrical Body Plan |
not symmetrical |
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Segmentation |
division of the body into repetitive sections advantage: - single segment damaged others continue to work |
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Internal Fertilization |
Sperm and egg fertilize inside the body |
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Alternation ofGenerations |
generation alternate sexual and asexual |
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Extracellulardigestion |
fungi digest outside the body because they have no digestive system, releases enzyms that break down food source |
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Symbiotic |
Organisms live in a relation with each other, they benefit each other |
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Basidia |
Produces spores, located nearby gills |
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Fungi-like protists |
psuepods "false feet" to move |
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Flagellum |
tail which allows organisms to swim |
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Strepto- |
chain of barteria |
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Obligated Aerobes |
need oxygen to survive |
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Conjugation |
method of sexual reproduction in bacteria; transfer plasmid through pilli to recipient and both donor and recipient complete the plasmid through code |
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Lateral genetransfer |
ASK |
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Pyloric Sphincter |
Sphincter between the stomach and the duodenum |
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Chyme |
Liquidity food, when exits from the stomach still contains very acidic enzymes |
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Secrete |
release |
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large intestine |
functions to absorb water, salts, and store nondigestible material |
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Diarrhea |
diarrhea, too little water has been absorbed by the large intestine |
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constipationtoo much water has been absorbed. |
too much water has been absorbed. |
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liver |
- Produces bile - Filters blood |
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pepsin (enzyme in stomach) |
- Is located in the stomach so has the highest acidic |
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When fats are broken down by lipase, ____ will be formed. |
Fatty acid, gycerol |
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Tricuspid Valve |
On left side |
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Mitral Valve (allows mineral in) |
Right Side |
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Salivary Amylase |
is an enzyme located in the mouth area, it helps chemically break down carbohydrates into softer and smaller chucks. The carbohydrates are then further broken down into glucose. |
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Lipase = Located in the small intestine, they break down fats into fatty acids and glycero |
sd |
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pulmonary |
related to the lungs |
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What is the anatomical term for the throat |
pharynx |
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The epiglottis is part of the _____ and covers the glottis. |
larynx |
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C-shaped pieces of cartilage are found within the _____ |
trachea |
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How many alveoli are there in an average adult lung? |
300,000,000 |
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The amount of air that enters the lungs during normal, restful breathing is called the _____. |
tidal air volume |
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The amount of air that cannot be expelled is the _____. |
residual volume |
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vital capacity |
Which of these is the sum of the other three? |
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abundant |
lots |
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Where is the highest amount of carbon dioxide found? |
the arteries entering the lung |
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Most of the oxygen in the blood is found in the _____. |
hemoglobin |
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The vessel that lies deepest in the body, with the thickest wall and carrying blood under greatest pressure is the _______.
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artery |
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When the heart beats, the familiar lub-dup sound occurs as the valves of the heart _____. |
close |
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The ________ and ________ serve as the major vessels for blood in the systemic circuit. |
aorta and venae cavae |
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true or false In the systemic circuit, like the pulmonary system, arteries contain deoxygenated blood. |
false |
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Human red blood cells lack ________. |
nucleus |
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{King, Philip, Came, Over, For, Grandma’s, Soup} |
s |
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Evolution |
The change in the population alleles over time |
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DARWIN’S OBSERVATIONS: |
- Indiviuals in a specie are different - Variability can be inheritated - The survivor gets to pass on their genes to their offsprings - Population tend to remain stable in size |
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4 Main Points of Natural Selection: |
1. Variation in population 2. Struggles in the environment 3. Environmental pressures (select fitt variant) 4. Reproduction |
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Flaws in Natural Selection |
Many species shpw lots of necessary time to evolve certain traits, some don't believe earth has been around for this long, and there areLarge gaps in the fossil records, |
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Sexual Dimorphism: |
striking differences in physical appearances in male and few |
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Homologous structure |
They similar origins but different functions |
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Analogous Structure |
They have similar function but different origins |
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vestigial organs |
they are evolutionary baggage, structure have no function |
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Embryological development |
Embryos of different species look alike, suggesting common ancestry |
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Comparative Biochemistry |
- Similar DNA sequences = similar traits resulting in closely related species ex. Cytochrome C is found on all organisms, shows common ancestry |
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gene pool |
total number of alleles in a population at a given time |
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microevolution |
evolution on a species level; evolution on a small scale |
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Hardy-Weinberg Principle |
Allele frequencies will not change as long as: 1. Population remain large 2. Mating opportunities are equal 3. No mutation 4. No migration 5. No natural selection i.e all individuals have an equal chance of survival These conditions will not be true all at once
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Random AND Not random |
Random : - Mutation - Gene Flow - Genetic Drift Not Random: - Natural Selection - Artificial Selection - Sexual selection |
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Genetic Drift |
- Decrease variation - Random - Large changes in small time - NOT NATURAL SELECTION BECAUSE THE ENVIRONMENT ISN'T SELECTION FOR A SPECIFIC TRAIT, SURVIVAL IS RANDOM |
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Founder's affect AND Bottle neck affect |
Founder's affect= When indivuals of a popoulation get issolated from other population Bottleneck affect= when the original population is cut down, lower genetic variation in the population Genetic drift |
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Mutation when are they passed on when are they not passed on |
passed on when the mutation occurs in the gametes CAN'T pass on when mutations are in somatic cells |
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Pre - zygotic (before fertilization) |
behavioral isolation Temporal Isolation Ecologial isolation ( habitat barriers) Mechanical Isolation Gametic Isolation |
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post-zygotic (after fertilization) |
Zygotic mortality (fails to develop to maturity) Hybrid Inviability (lives short) Hybrid infertility (offspring is steril) |