Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
121 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
what are the ways stains are classified?
|
extrinsic/ intrinsic
exogenous/ endogenous |
|
|
Exogenous stains can become _____
while endogenous stains are always _______ |
Exogenous stains can become- Intrinsic
while endogenous stains are always- Intrinsic |
|
|
How do you remove stains that are directly on the tooth surfaces?
|
remove stains that are directly on tooth surfaces by...
- toothbrushing and scaling procedures - removal with a mild abrasive |
|
|
How do you remove stains that are incorporated within a deposit?
|
in order to remove stains within a deposit the deposit must be removed
|
|
|
What are some of the most common extrinsic stains?
least common? |
most common extrinsic stains
1. yellow 2. green 3. black line 4. tobacco 5. other brown stains Least common extrinsic - orange - red - metallic |
|
|
Metallic stains can be caused by 2 factors what are they?
|
metallic stains can be from industry or from drugs (iron/maganese)
|
|
|
What are all of these stains classified as...
tetracycline stain amelogenisis imperfecta dentinogenesis imperfecta enamel hypoplasia dental fluoride imperfect tooth development pulpless teeth |
all of these are Endogenous Intrinsic Stains
|
|
|
This type of staining occurs when a mother is given a type of this drug during her 3rd trimester or to the child in infancy or early childhood. It has a tendency to be absorbed into mineralized tissues and may be generalized or localized depending on when the antibiotic was given....
|
Tetracycline stains
|
|
|
This is when the enamel is partially or completely missing due to a disturbance in the ameloblast. Teeth are yellowish brown or gray brown.
|
Amelogenesis Imperfecta
- it is a genetic anomaly |
|
|
This is when tooth has abnormal dentin due to a disturbance in the odontoblastic layer during development. The teeth appear opalescent, gray to bluish brown.
|
Dentinogenisis Imperfecta
|
|
|
this is a systemic hypoplasia that appears on teeth as white spots
|
Enamel hypoplasia
|
|
|
This is classified from mild to severe. It appears as brown stain or mottled enamel.
|
Dental fluorosis
|
|
|
WHat are these stains classified as...
stains due to restorative materials, Endo therapy, and dentinal stain (from caries) |
Exogenous Intrinsic Stains
|
|
|
What are some of the negative effects that can occur due to polishing?
|
* bacteremia
* aerosol production/ spatter * removal of tooth surface, removal of enamel from demin areas, coarse polish creates a rougher tooth surface, and heat production |
|
|
True or False
It is recommended to polish the same day as root debridement? |
FALSE
evidence suggests that we do NOT recommend polishing on the same day as root debridement. It can cause effects to the gingiva such as trauma and particles can enter the supepithelial tissues |
|
|
what are 3 indications for stain removal?
|
1. patient motivation
2. for extrinsic stain that can't be removed by debridement or toothbrushing 3. to prepare teeth for caries preventive agents (sealants) |
|
|
what are some contraindications for stain removal?
|
- if their is no unsightly stain
- high caries risk - respiratory problems - tooth sensitivity - restorations - implant abutments - newly erupted teeth - exposed cementum - demineralization - soft, spongy/ bleeding tissues |
|
|
During polishing the most damage is caused by...
|
* irregularly shaped particles with sharp edges *harder particles *particles that fracture into smaller, sharp edged particles during use, particles with great attrition resistance, larger particles
|
|
|
all of these are examples of what...
- silex - calcium carbonate - tin oxide - emery - rouge - diamond |
all of those are abrasive agents
|
|
|
what procedure uses these: air, water, and sodium bicarbonate or aluminum trihydroxide
air pressure : 40-100 psi water pressure: 20-60 psi |
Air powder polishing
|
|
|
When performing air powder polishing you want to make sure that the nozzle is ___ mm away from the enamel and angled away (less than 90 degrees) from margin
|
nozzle is 4-5 mm away from enamel & angled away (less than 90 degrees) from the margin
|
|
|
what are some advantages of air powder polishing?
|
Quicker, Ergonomically friendly for operator, no heat generated, less abrasive, removal of tenacious stains, good for ortho patients, good for use prior to sealants or other bonding procedures & root detoxification
|
|
|
During Air Powder polishing at what degrees should the nozzle be at for each area of the arch?
___ degrees for anterior teeth ___ degrees for posterior teeth ____ degrees for occlusal teeth |
60 degrees for anterior teeth
80 degrees for posterior teeth 90 degrees for occlusal surfaces |
|
|
What are some contraindications for use of air powder polishing?
|
- sodium restricted diets (sodium bicarbonate only)
- respiratory disease - any disorder which limits swallowing or breathing - end stage renal disease - communicable infection - root surfaces - soft, spongy |
|
|
what is the polishing of the tooth surface coronal to the gingival margin to remove bacterial plaque & intrinsic stain
|
Coronal polishing
|
|
|
__ stain is calculus- like and forms along the gingival 3rd of the tooth near the gingival margin. It is seen in all patients but mostly women with good hygiene it is firmly attached to the teeth and often requires moderate scaling to be removed
|
black line stains
|
|
|
stains acquired due to poor oral hygiene are __ or __ stain and they may be removed with toothbrushing or light polishing
|
yellow or orange stains
|
|
|
__ stains are found in children with poor oral hygiene and may be the result of chromogenic bacteria. This stain presents as demineralized enamel and is contrindicated for direct scaling to prevent any furth loss of tooth structure.
|
Green stain
|
|
|
__ poses the single greatest risk of transmission of a bloodborne infection to a dental healthcare worker in the oral health setting.
|
Percutaneous injuries
|
|
|
Percutaneous injuries result from injuries by (6)
|
percutaneous injuries result from injuries by
- contaminated needles, burs, scalpels, broken glass, exposed ends of dental wires, or other sharps that pentrate or break skin |
|
|
__ controls are those safety rules implemented by the employer to help assur a safe work environment. These may include written programs, such as the exposure control plan, and system such as those for rewards for safe behavior
|
Administrative controls
|
|
|
___ controls are technology based and remove or isolate hazards in the workplace. Examples of this are rubber dams, needle recappers, and sharps containers.
|
Engineering controls
|
|
|
___ controls are behavior based and involve changing or altering a task or procedure to reduce the likelihood of an exposure.
|
Work practice controls
|
|
|
___ encourages all dental practives to establish a written comprehensive program that includes strategies to acoid occupational exposure to bloodborne pathogens
|
OSAP
|
|
|
__ controls that reduce the likelihood of exposure by altering the manner in which a task is performed. It is change or alter tasks or procedures to reduce the likelihood of exposure
|
work practice controls
ex. use of two handed dentistry |
|
|
___
is a periodontal instrument used to prepare/ crush calculus before removal with curettes or sickles |
Hoes, files, and chisels
|
|
|
__ used to roughen burnished calculus and to smooth overhanging restoration.
Some design characteristics: * working end has a series of cutting edges *cutting edges are 90 to 105 degrees to base * base can be round,rectangular, or oblong * back is round * has a rigid shank that limits tactile |
Periodontal files
|
|
|
when using this instrument ___ a firm , consistent lateral pressure along with a pull stroke is used
|
Periodontal files
|
|
|
__ instrument has these characteristics: single, straight cutting edges, the blade is turned at 90 degrees to shank, cutting edge is bevealed at 45 degree angle to end of blade, shank has different angles for adaptation to different surfaces
|
Hoe Scaler
|
|
|
this instrument is used for laurge, accessible tenacious supragingival calculus
- can't adapt well to curved root surfaces, causes distention of the pocket walls, its sharp corners can gouge the root surfaces |
hoe scaler
|
|
|
This instrument has a single straigh cutting edge, the blade is continuous with slightly curved shank, the end of the blade is flat & bevealed at 45 degrees. Use a horizontal push stroke only from facial to lingual with this instrument.
|
chisel scaler
|
|
|
__ is used for removal of supra from exposed proximal surfaces, for dislodgement of heavy calculus from proximal areas of mandibular anteriors, and the proximal surfaces of premolars when access can be attained
|
Chisel Scaler
|
|
|
What are the 3 modes of attachment for calculus?
|
1. attachment by pellicle- easily removed most common
2. attachment to irregularities in tooth surface (difficult to remove, most common on root surfaces) 3. Attachment by direct contact with tooth surface(interlocked with inorganic crystals of tooth; difficult to remove; most common on root surfaces) |
|
|
Evidence suggest that the best response to periodontal debridement is the result of calculus removal that is completed in a single appointment or 2 appointments within ___
|
24 hours
|
|
|
___ is calculus removal that is accomplish in one appointment or teo appointments within a 24 hour period. It considers that perio disease is an infection.
|
Full mouth debridement
|
|
|
What are some possible outcomes from Gross Calculus removal or circuit scaling?
|
Gross calculus removal can cause... Proliferation of microorganisms, Abscess formation, difficult instrumentation, decreased patient motivation, and patient frustration
|
|
|
What instrument would you use for the following...
large supra- medium supra & sub- small sub (cervical 1/3)- small (On middle of apical 1/3)- |
large supra - sickle
medium supra & sub-universal small supra: universal small sub (Cervical 1/3) - univerals/ area specific Small (on middle or apical 1/3) area specific |
|
|
What are some thing that can occur due to a broken tip?
|
metal fragments, if not removed can cause inflammationandn abcess formation, Aspiration - serious, swallowed tip will pass, if cannot be located refer pt for chest xray
|
|
|
What instrument's working end has these unique characteristics: * the working end has a series of cutting edges line up on a base * the cutting edges are at a 90-105 degree angle to the base, *the base may be round, rectangular, or oblong *the back is round to permit sub use *The shank is rigid and transmits limited tactile information to the clinician's fingers
|
all of thos characteristics describe the working end of a periodontal file
|
|
|
what instrument has these characteristics:
working end: thin in width& round, rectangular or oblong in shape face: has series of cutting edges line up on a base Cutting edges: multiple, at a 90 to 105 degree angulation to the base application: designed for single surface only |
Periodontal file
Function is to crush large calculus deposit, Roughen burnished calculus deposit, and to smooth overhangin amalgam restoration |
|
|
A ___ instrument has a thin, flat working end that can be used to remove large deposits that are inaccessible to the sickle scaler. It can be used subgingiva whereas a sickle should not be used.
|
periodontal file
|
|
|
Use of a periodontal file at the very base of the pocket can traumatize the ____
|
Junctional Epithelium
|
|
|
WHen using the periodontal file a 2 point adapatation is made what are the point contact points at? this contact provides stability & leverage needed when making an instrumentation stroke
|
the 2 point contact is adaptation of the working end to the calculus deposit while resting the lower shank against the tooth
|
|
|
Firm lateral pressure is applied to the deposit when using a file as a __ stroke is activated in a vertical direction
|
Pull stroke
|
|
|
what are the 3 modes of attachment for calculus
|
1. attachment by means of pellicle
2. attachment to Irregularities in the tooth surface 3. Attachment by direct contact of the calcified component and tooth surface |
|
|
Calculus deposits that are attached to the pellicle are removed ___ because the attachment is on the surface of the tooth & not locked into the tooth surface. It occurs mostly on the enamel surface.
|
the attachment by pellicle is a weak attachment so it is removed Easily
|
|
|
Calculus attached to irregularities in tooth surfaces is Difficult to remove because the deposits lie sheltered in these tooth defects. This mode of attachment occurs most commonly on ____
|
attach to irregularities in the tooth surface occurs most commonly on the Root surfaces
|
|
|
In the attachment by direct contact of calcified component & tooth surface the ___ of the calculus deposit is interlocked with the inorganic crystals of the tooth. These deposits are difficult to remove because they are firmly interlocked. Occur most commonly on the root surface.
|
The Matrix of the calculus deposit is interlocked with the inorganic crystals of the tooth. attachment is extremely strong
|
|
|
____ is defined as calculus removal that is completed in a single appointment or in 2 appointments within a 24 hour period
|
Full mouth debridement
- is based on that perio disease is an infection & that the bacteria in untreated areas can re infect the treated areas |
|
|
___ is the multiple apt approach to calculus removal & is based on concept of complete calculus removal on the teeth treated at each apt. At each apt the clinician should treat only as many teeth, sextant, or quadrants as she can thoroughly debride during this apt
|
Sextant or Quadrant debridement
|
|
|
What are some reasons that when debriding debridement of just one side of the mouth per visit is recommended...
|
reasons not to cross the midline...
1. this approach gives pt an untreated side where he/she can chew comfortably 2. It divides the work more evenly because max arch is more difficult to most clinicians 3. when anesthesia is indicated for 2 quadrants, it is recommended that the same sides are selected for pt comfort |
|
|
____ involves removing only the large sized calculus deposits from the entire mouth at the 1st apt. This is also known as Circuit Scaling
|
Gross Calculus Removal
|
|
|
what are some consequences that can result from gross calculus removal because it is an incomplete calculus removal...
|
Results from incomplete calculus removal...
1. proliferation of microorganisms 2. abcess formation 3. difficult instrumentation 4. decreased patient motivation for treatment 5. patient frustration |
|
|
Explaining consequences of incomplete calculus removal..
1. Proliferation of microorganisms- gross scaling leaves behind partially removed deposits that are covered in plaque, as the marginal tissue shrinks it closes off entrance to pocket, providing a protected environment in pocket in which organisms multiply. 2. Diffucult instrumentation: ______ |
Insertion beneath the gingival margin is often more difficult at apt that follow the initial gross scale apt because the gingival margin is more closely adapted to the tooth surface
|
|
|
Explaining consequences of incomplete calculus removal with gross scaling...
3. Abcess formation - incomplete calculus removal has been implicated in the formation of an abcess of the periodontium. An abcess is a localized collection of pus in the periodontal tissues. abcesses occur on teeth with deep probing depth in which gross scaling removes only the calculus deposits located above & slightly beneath the margin. This incomplete calculus removal allows the gingival margin to tighten around the tooth preventing drainage of ___ products from the pocket. |
This incomplete calculus removal allows the gingival margin to tighten around the tooth preventing drainage of bacterial waste products from the pockets
|
|
|
Explaining consequences of incomplete calculus removal with gross scaling...
4. Decreased pt motivation for treatment- removal of visible supra deposits combined with improved appearance of tissue may influence patients to forego coming back for further treatment 5. Patient frustration- _____ |
patient frustration- if the entire mouth is instrument he or she may begin to feel that nothing is being accomplished by the treatment
|
|
|
Large sized calculus deposits most commonly are located above the gingival margin and can be removed by the use of a ____
|
Sickle scaler
|
|
|
SMall or medium sized calculus deposits usually are located below the gingival margin and can be removed using either a ___ or ___
|
universal or area specific curet
|
|
|
Small or medium sized deposits on root surfaces located within the sulci or shallow pockets can be removed with ___
|
universal curet
|
|
|
small or medium sized deposits on root surfaces with deep pockets can be removed by ___
|
area specific curet
|
|
|
tenacious or large sized deposits can be removed by ____
|
rigid curets, utlrasonic instruments, or sonic instruments
|
|
|
all of these are removed with what instrument...
medium sized deposits above & below gingival margin, small sized deposits above the gingival margin or on the cervical 3rd of roots |
removed with a universal curet
|
|
|
Small sized deposits on middle or apical 3rd of root are removed with
|
area specific curets
|
|
|
what are 5 things a sharper cutting edge on an instrument allows...
|
1. easier calculus removal
2. improved stroke control 3. Reduced number of strokes 4. Increased pt comfort & satisfaction 5. Reduced clinician fatique |
|
|
what is the goal of instrument sharpening?
|
to restore a fine sharp cutting edge to a dull instrument
|
|
|
A ___ results when metal is worn away from the cutting edge until the junction between the face and the lateral surface become a rounded surface rather than a fine line
|
Dull cutting edge - a rounded junction between the instrument face and lateral surface
|
|
|
what are the 2 ways of detecting a dull cutting edge?
|
Visual or Tactile Evaluation /(sharpening test)
visual- a dull edge reflects light bc it is rounded & thick whereas a sharp cutting edge is a line with no thickness and does not reflect light Tactile- use a plastic/ acrylic ros the dull edge slides over the surface of the stick where the sharp edge scratches the surface of the stick |
|
|
When should you sharpen instruments?
|
At the first sign of dullness and after every use
|
|
|
With a sharpening stone the grain (abrasiveness) is an important characteristic. Fine grain stone ____ or higher produce significantly sharper cutting edges that stay sharper longer
|
400 grits or higher
|
|
|
Composition synthetic stone have a coarse grain and lubricate with water what is the use of these stones
|
use of synthetic stones:
extensive reshaping of improperly sharpened or extremely dull, worn cutting edges |
|
|
India synthetic stones have a medium grain and lubricate with water or oil. What is the use of these stones?
|
india synthetic stones are used to reshape dull cutting edges
|
|
|
Arkansas natural stone and ceramic synthetic stones both have a fine grain AR is lubricated with oil while ceramic is lubricated with water. What is the use of these stones?
|
Arkansas and Ceramic are used for routine sharpening of well maintained cutting edges and for finishing after use of a coarse or medium grain stones
|
|
|
____ helps to prevent the metal shavings from sticking to the surface of the sharpening stone and reduce its effectiveness.
|
Lubrications - type of lubrication are water or oil used to reduce friction between stone & instrument
|
|
|
What are some serious problems that can result due too breaking a working end (tip) during instrumentation?
|
* if not removed the metal fragment can cause tissue inflammation& abscess formation * if tip is aspirate (inhaled) into lungs a serious infection can develop * if tip is swallowed it most likely will harmlessly pass through GI system * if tip cannot be located in mouth pt should be referred for chest x-ray to make sure it wasn't swallowed
|
|
|
1. Alterations of the working end design- excessive removal of metal where instrument is thinner & shorter than original
2. Unnecessary Metal Removal- working end of scaler has be shortened in length 3. Altered shape- only the tip & middle 3rd of cutting edge were sharpened destroying shape of working end. Can result in straight cutting edges whereas they are suppose to be curved. 4. Flattened cutting edges-the nonworking cutting edge was sharpened by mistake |
all of these are common sharpening errors
|
|
|
Sharpening can produce minute ___ that project from the cuttting edge. A cutting edge with this is sometimes termed wire edge because these are like tiny wire projection. THe use of a wire edge on root surface can result in gouging of the cementum
|
Metal burs
- these are avoided by finishing with a down stroke when sharpening |
|
|
what are the factors that determine how long an instrument will hold its edge?
|
The instrument tip and what raw material (stainless steel) that is used to make it. Using a 440A stainless steel is the best
|
|
|
What are some things you want to look for that a quality instrument manufacturer does?
|
- employs qualified instrument craftsman & engineers, *designs instruments that are balanced and conform to total instrument concept * Uses best material available 440a stainless steel * Tempers &hardens instrument tip to exact standard *produces innovative design * employs rigorous quality control procedures * will not retip instruments
|
|
|
What are some disadvantages to retipping instruments?
|
LIability risk, Inferior materials and workmanship, lower hygienist satisfication, higher maintance cost, long term cost is greater, in comparison new high quality instruments are more economical than retipping
|
|
|
Instrument tips wear off _ to __ times faster than high quality instruments. Clinician go through 8 of instruments tip by the time they go through one high quality scaler
|
3 to 7 times faster
|
|
|
What type of service does this provide? - do not retip instruments, restores the original blade surface & sharp edges, should be used in conjunction with an in-offic maintance program, are very effective & relatively inexpensive
|
professional sharpening services
|
|
|
WHat are some factors leading to carpal tunnel syndrom in the dental hygiene profession
|
*predisposing factor (diabetes, hypothyroid,etc) *wrist ratio- portion between wrist depth& height *length of time the hygienist practice *# of days she works/ week * # of pt hygienist sees/ day * # of heavy calculus patients seen per day * # of back to back root planning she performs *hygienist scaling technique- finger & wrist positioning * instrument maintance routine * Instrument handle selection
|
|
|
what are 2 characteristics about an instrument handle that you want to make sure it has?
|
You want a light weigh handle that is large in diameter (3 1/8 in)
|
|
|
when you sharpen what are 5 things that are needed?
|
1. lubricate fluid
2. sharpening stone 3. firm working surface 4. good lightening 5. relaxed attitude |
|
|
___ is a cosmetic procedure designed to remove extrinsic stains from the enamel surfaces of the teeth
|
coronal polishing
|
|
|
Findings show that over time routine polishing is detrimental to the tooth surfaces. What are some adverse effects of coronal polishing?
|
Adverse effect of coronal polishing include:
Aerosol production and spatter creation of bacteremia Iatrogenic damage to tooth surface |
|
|
Microorganism in dental aerosols have been shown to survive up to ____
|
24 hours
|
|
|
___ is the presence of bacteria in the bloodstream
|
bacteremia
|
|
|
___ stains occur on the external surfaces of teeth.
what are the 2 most common types of these? |
Extrinsic stains - occur on external surface
most common- Chlorhexidine & tobacco stain |
|
|
___ is a yellow brownish stain on the cerical and proximal tooth surface, restoration, and surface of the tongue
|
Chlorhexidine stain
|
|
|
___ is a tenacious brown or black stain that results from cigaretter or cigar smoking or use of tobacco
|
tobacco stain
|
|
|
___ are stains that occur from within the ename of the tooth and cannot be removed by polishing. This type may be Endogenous (occurring during tooth development) or Exogenous (acquired after tooth eruption)
|
Intrinsic stains
ex. of endogenous intrinsic are tetracycline & dental fluorosis ex of exogenous intrinsic are stains from silver amalgam, endo treatment,& nonvital teeth |
|
|
What are some contraindications for coronal polishing?
|
1. lack of stain
2. sensistive teeth 3. Exposed cementum or dentin 4. restored tooth surfaces 5. newly erupted teeth 6. implant abutments 7. Area of demineralization 8. gingiva that is enlarged, spongy, or bleeds easily |
|
|
What are Contraindication for use of Rubber cup & air powder polishing?
|
1. Communicable disease- pt could spread this disease by aerosols created during polishing
2. Susceptibilty to infection- pt with communicable disease that could be spread by transmitting by contaminated aerosols such as pt with respiratory/ pulmonary disease, deabilitate, immunosuppressed, or immunocompromised individuals |
|
|
____ uses an abrasive polishing agent and a slowly revolving polishing cup to abrade stain from the tooth surfaces.
|
Rubber cup polishing - another term for this is power driven polishing
|
|
|
The prohpy angle used in air polishing may be either right angled or contra angled design. Right andle has a __ shank while contra angled has a ___ shank.
|
right angle - straigh shank
contra angle- has bent shank- this type allow clinician to maintain a neutral writst position & facilitates access to proximal surfaces of the teeth |
|
|
what are 5 factors that can be controlled to minimize the loss of tooth structure during the polishing procedure?
|
1. abrasiveness of the prophylaxis paste
2. adaptation of rubber cup 3. pressure 4. speed 5. application time |
|
|
The rubber cup should be adapted ___ to the tooth surface being polished. The rubber cup should be appliced with Just enough pressure to make the cup flare.
|
Rubber cup should be adapted PARALLEL to tooth surface being polished
|
|
|
___ polishing is indicated for patients with heavy amounts of stain, especially chlorhexidine stain. This technique uses a mixture of warm water, sodium bicarbonate powder and air for extrinsic stain removal
|
Air powder polishing also called air polishing or airbrasive polishing
|
|
|
During air powder polishing the nozzle tip should never be directed @ soft tissues of cheeks, lips, gingival margin, or tongue. Directing the nozzle tip at the soft tissue can result in severe tissue ___.
|
during air powder polishing if directed nozzle tip at the soft tissue it can result in severe tissue sloughing.
|
|
|
during air powder polishing never angle the powder spray directly into the sulcus or pocket. This can result in ___ which is a suggen unilateral swelling of the face, head,or neck because of the presence of air in the connective tissue
|
Subcutaneous Facial Emphysema
|
|
|
When using air powder polishing methos apply __,__ pressure of the cup to the tooth surface at a slow steady speed just enough to make the cup rim flare.
|
light intermittent pressure
|
|
|
Stress and frustration of being ineffective, wasted time effort and energy, loss of control and increased likelihood of slipping and lacerating tissue, loss of pt confidence in clinician's ability, increased likelihood of developing a work related musculoskelatal disorders for excessive muscle strains...All of these are consequences of using what?
|
consequences of using a dull manual instrument
|
|
|
During sharpening what cutting edges of the following instruments are to be sharpened...
scalers/ sickles curets: universal curets: area specific |
cutting edges to be sharpened
for scalers/ sickles:cutting edges on both sides of face curet universal: cutting edges on both sides of face &toe curet area specific: cutting edges on one side of face and toe , sharpen the longer cutting edge- one farthest from handle |
|
|
What are some disadvantages of power driven sharpening?
|
*inconsistent results bc of variations in speed & difficulty of stabilization of instrument &sharpening stone *excess reduction of instrument during shorter period of use, less conservation of instruments than by manual methods *Frictional heat may affect the temper of the steel
|
|
|
when using abrasives agents __ and __ are twice as hard as enamel and dentin and zirconium silicate and pumice are also harder than enamel & dentin. Calcium carbonate, aluminum silicates, sodium and potassium are not as hard as enamel and dentin
|
silicon carbine - hardest
and aluminum oxide are both twice as hard as enamel & dentin |
|
|
___ agents are contraindicated for polishing natural teeth because of the potential danger of thermal injury to the dental pulp. Frictional heat that is produced is proportional to the rate of abrasion.
|
Dry agents not used for natural teeth
|
|
|
Abrasives used in daily dentifrice are of a finer grade than those used for professional polishing accomplished few times per year. give an example of one
|
silex
|
|
|
what are some uses & advantages of air powder polishing
|
requires less time& egonomically favorable to kids, generates no heat, sodium bicarbonate is less abrasive that prophy paste, removes have tenacious tobacco and chlorhexidine stain , good for use with stain&biofilm removal from ortho appliances and implants, used prior to sealant placements,use for root detoxification for perio diseased roots
|
|
|
Contraindications for air powder polishing...
|
if pt is on sodium restricted diet, if pt has respiratory disease or other conditions that limits swallowing or beathing, pt with end stage renal disease, pt with communical infection, pt with soft spongy gingival that can be irritated, pt with restorative material - can cause removal or pitting of it
|
|
|
when using periodontal file the entire face of the working end should be falt against the calculus deposit (parallel to ___) . Face should not be applied @ an angle bc in this position the sharp corners on one side of cutting edge can gouge the cementum
|
face should be against calculus deposit parallel to the root surface
|
