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54 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Brain – Divided into 4 major areas: |
1. Cerebral Hemispheres 2. Diencephalon 3. Brainstem 4. Cerebellum |
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Ventricles |
-Hollow cavities within the brain -Filled with cerebrospinal fluid -Lined by Ependymal cells |
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2 Lateral Ventricles |
Separated by thin membrane septum pellucidum Intervertebral Foramen Third Ventricle Cerebral Aqueduct Fourth Ventricle: 2 Lateral Apertures 1 Central Aperture– Central canal of cord |
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2 Cerebral Hemispheres |
-Elevated ridges called Gyri -Shallow grooves called Sulci |
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Longitudinal Fissure |
Separates hemispheres |
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Transverse Cerebral Fissure |
Separates hemispheres from cerebellum |
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Cerebral (Hemispheres) divided into 5 Lobes: |
1. Frontal (1 & 2) Separated byCentral Sulcus 2. Parietal (1-3) Separated by LateralSulcus 3. Temporal 4. Occipital 5. Insula |
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Cerebral Cortex (Grey Matter) Outer |
*The executive suite of the nervous system…whereour conscious mind is found! |
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Cerebral Cortex (Grey Matter) Outer enables: |
-Awareness of ourselves and our sensations -Communication -Memory -Understanding -Initiation of voluntary movements |
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Grey Matter iscomposed of: |
-Neuron Cell Bodies -Dendrites -Associated Glia & blood vessels *No fiber tracts! |
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Cerebral Cortex Contains 3 Kinds of Functional Areas: |
-Each hemisphereis associated with those functions on the contralateral side of body 1. Motor 2. Sensory 3. Association |
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No functional area acts alone. |
Conscious behavior involves the whole cortex. |
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Motor Areas in Rear of Frontal Lobe: |
Primary Motor(Somatic) Premotor Cortex Broca’s Area Frontal Eye Field |
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Primary Motor (Somatic) |
- Conscious control of precise, skilled, voluntary movements of skeletal myos - This area is served by massive axons that make up the cerebral spinal tract of cord (aka) Pyramidal Tracts |
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Premotor Cortex |
-Helps plan movements, performing skilled motor activity -Selects myos & sequence of their movements….like playing piano |
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Broca’s Area |
-Considered a motor speech area -Directs the myos involved in speech |
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Frontal Eye Field |
-Controls voluntary movement of eyes |
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Sensory Areas: |
1. Primary Somatosensory Cortex 2. Somatosensory Association Cortex 3. Visual Areas Occipital Lobe 4. Auditory Areas 5. Vestibular Cortex 6. Olfactory Cortex 7. Gustatory 8. Visceral Sensory Area Insula |
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Primary Somatosensory Cortex |
-Receives info from skin, myos, tendons, joints for spatial discrimination |
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Somatosensory Association Cortex |
-Integrates sensory inputs relayed to it from primary somato (temp., pressure, etc) to “understand” what we feel |
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Visual Areas Occipital Lobe |
Complex visual processing, rear of hemispheres, spatialrelationships, object location |
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Auditory Areas |
-Primary auditory cortex in this area….of the temporal lobe |
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Vestibular Cortex |
-Vestibular nuclei receive info from inner ear vestibular apparatus to help maintain balance & posture (Insula) |
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Olfactory Cortex |
-Smell -Medial temporal lobe |
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Gustatory |
-Taste -Insula |
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Visceral Sensory Area Insula |
-Responsible for visceral senses like full bladder orbursting lungs when holding breath too long |
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Prefrontal Cortex |
The most complicated cortical region Involved in intellect, complex learning, abilities,cognition, recall, personality |
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White Matter |
-Deep into cortical gray -Responsible for communication between cerebral areas &lower CNS |
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Diencephalon |
Diencephalon |
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Thalamus |
The relay station for info coming into the cerebral cortex -Almost all sensory pass through here -It sorts out and edits impulses |
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Hypothalamus |
-Controls autonomic N.S. -Initiates physical responses to emotions -Regulates body temperature, food intake, water balance &thirst -Controls endocrine system via pituitary |
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Epithalamus |
-Pineal gland is part of it -Secretes melatonin - sleep inducer |
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Brain Stem |
1. Midbrain 2. Pons - Contains nuclei of cranial N.S. V, VI, VII -Helps medulla maintain breathing rhythm 3. Medulla Oblongata-Maintains 3 important visceral functions -Vital centers of control of: heart rate, respiration, blood pressure |
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Cerebellum |
-The deep white matter called Arbor Vitae -The Cerebellum “fine tunes” motor activity -Makes sure of smooth, coordinated movements -Loss of function would cause loss of myo tone…clumsy, unsure movements |
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Limbic System |
-Amygdaloid body -Cingulate gyrus -Hippocampus -Hypothalamus *”The” emotional or affective (feelings) part of thebrain |
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Reticular Formation(aka) Reticular Activating System |
-Regulates activities that control state of wakefulness or alertness of the cerebral cortex -Also filters sensory input -Repetitive, familiar, or weak signals are filtered out… if not, the sensory input would overload and drive us crazy *Suppressed by alcohol, sleeping pills, tranquilizers |
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Meninges |
3 Connective Tissue membranes that lie external to the braintissue |
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Dura Mater |
-2 layers: (Fused everywhere except Dural Venous Sinous Periosteal Layer – one with the skull periosteum Meningeal – deeper layer |
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Arachnoid Mater |
-Deep to dura -Under it is subarachnoid space -Arachnoid villi protrude into superior sagittal sinous |
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Pia Mater |
-Deepest meninge |
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CSF CerebrospinalFluid |
-Reduces brain weight -Makes brain buoyant -Protects from trauma -Nourishes brain tissue |
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Choroid Plexus |
-Ependymal cells & capillaries -Filters blood from brain to CSF in ventricles & subarachnoid space -Drains into arachnoid villi -> Dural Venous Sinous -The filtered blood contains no RBC’s -From Dural Venous Sinous –> Jugular vein to heart |
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Blood-Brain Barrier |
-Helps maintain a stable environment for brain tissue * The neurons would fire uncontrollably if exposed to extracellular concentrations of hormones, amino acids, ions -Provided by: Endothelium of capillary walls, Thick Basel lamina surrounding capillaries, Feet of astrocytes -It is effective against metabolic waste products like urea, and others that would damage brain tissue |
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PVO – Paraventricular Organs |
(Near the Ventricles 3 & 4) -Are without Blood-Brain Barrier -They are exposed to all blood to give brain idea ofenvironmental conditions |
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Spinal Cord |
-Protected by bone (spine) -3 Meninges, but Dura not attached to bone |
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Epidural space |
surrounds Dura. -Filled with fat cells & blood vessels |
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Foramen Magnum ->L2 Area |
At L2 is Conus Medullaris, and extending from Conus M. arenerves, called Cauda Equina |
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Gray Matter |
Dorsal Horn ----sensory Ventral Horn ----cell bodies for somatic motor Gray Commissure Lateral Horns----in thorax & superior lumbar spine; cell bodies for visceral motor (ANS) |
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White Matter Tracts |
Ascending Descending (white due to myelination) |
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Ascending (sensory) pathwaysto the brain: |
3 Neuron Progression: 1. 1st order Neurons fromreceptors to cord or stem (The cell bodies reside in thedorsal root ganglion) 2. 2nd order to thalamus ofcerebellum 3. 3rd order tocortex |
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Spinocerebellar Tract |
Carry proprioceptive inputs to the cerebellum |
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Proprioception |
Awareness of our place in space. Receptors arein joints, tendons, ligaments, etc |
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Descending (motor)Tracts: |
Upper Motor Neurons – Pyramidal cells in the motor cortex [brain] Lower Motor Neurons – Ventral horn motor neurons to skeletal myos [below brain] |
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Spinal cord trauma |
Trauma in cervical region; all limbs are affected *If C6 or below: whole arm *If C5: still some movement *If T1-L1: just lower limbs affected |
