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263 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Central Nervous System
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Composed of the brain and spinal cord
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Surface anatomy of the brain
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-cerebral hemispheres, cerebellum, and brain stem
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A) Telencephalon
B) Diencephalon C) Mesencephalon D) Metencephalon E) Myelencephalon |
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A) Cerebrum
B) Diencephalon C) Brain Stem; midbrain D) Brain Stem; pons E) Cerebellum F) Brain Stem; Medulla onlongata H) Spinal Cord |
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Telencephalon
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Lateral Ventricles
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Diencephalon
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Third Ventricles
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Mesenecephalon
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Cerebral aqueduct
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A) Lateral Ventricles
B) Third Ventricles C) Cerberal Ventricles D) Fourth Ventricles E) Central Canal |
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Know
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Spinal Cord
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External to which is white matter composed of myelinated fiber tracts
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Brain
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-Similar to spinal cord but with more grey matter
-Cerebellum has gray matter in nuclei |
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A) Inner gray matter
B) Outer white matter C) Gray Matter D) Central Cavity E) Region of cerebellum F) Brain Stem G) Spinal Cord |
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Ventricles of the Brain
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Arise from the expansion of the lumen of the neural tube
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The ventricles are (3)
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-The paired C-shaped lateral ventricles
-The third ventricles found in the diencephalon -The fourth ventricle found in the hindbrain dorsal to the pons |
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A) Lateral ventricle
B) Septum pellucidum C) Third ventricle D) Cerebral aqueduct E) Fouth Ventricle F) Central Canal G) Anterior Horn H) Interventricular foramen I) Inferior horn J) Lateral Seperture |
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The cerebral hemipsheres contain ______ and shallow ______
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Ridges (gyri)
Grooves (sulci) |
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Fissures
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Deep groves in the cerberal hemispheres
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Cerebral hemipsheres are seperatted by the
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longitudinal fissure
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The Cerebral hemipsheres have three basic regions
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Cortex, white matter and basal nuclei
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Deep sulci divide the hemipsheres into five lobes
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-Frontal
-Parietal -Temporal -Occipital -Insula |
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Central Suculus
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Seperates the frontal and parietal lobes
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Parieto-occipital suculus
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Seperates the parietal and occipital lobes
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Lateral sulcus
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seperates the parietal and temporal lobes
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What two structures border the central sulcus
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precentral and postcentral gyri
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Cerebral cortex
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superficial gray matter, that accounts for 40% of the mass of the brain. It enables sensation, communication, memory, understanding and voluntary movements
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Each hemisphere in the cerebral cortex acts
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contralaterally: controls opposite sides of the body
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What is different about the hemispheres of the cerebral cortex
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they are not equal in function
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Motor Areas
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control voluntary movement
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Sensory areas
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conscious awareness of sensation
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Association areas
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integrate diverse information
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Know
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Know
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Primary motor cortex
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loacted in the precentral gyrun
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What is the primary motor cortex composed of
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pyramidal cells whos axons make up the corticospinal tracts
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What does the primary motor complex allow
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conscious control of precise, skilles, voluntary movements
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Motor homunclulus
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Caricature of relative amounts of cortical tissue devoted to each motor function
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Know
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premotor cortex
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located anterior to the precentral gyrus
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What does premotor cortex control
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learned, repititous, and patterned motor skills
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Brocas Area
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-Located anterior to the inferior region of the premotor area
-present in one hemisphere |
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What role does brocas area play
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-motor speech area that directs muscles of the tongue
-activates as one prepares to speak |
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Frontal eye field
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Located anterior to the premotor cortex and superior to brocas area
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What does the frontal eye field control
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voluntary eye movement
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What are the sensory areas of the brain
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-Primary somatosensory cortex
-Somatosensory association cortex -Visual and auditory areas -Olifactory, gustatory, and vestibular cortices |
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Primary somatosensory cortex
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Located in the postcentral gyrus
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What role does the primary somatosensory cortex play
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-recieves information from the skin and skeletal muscles
-exhibits spatial discrimination |
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Somatosensory homunculus
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-caricature of relative amounts of cortical tissue devoted to each sensory function
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Know
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Know
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Somatosensory association cortex
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located posterior to the primary somatosensory cortex
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What is the role of the somatosensory association cortex
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Intergrates sensory information
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Primary visual (striate) cortex
-Location -Function |
-seen on the extreme posterior tip of the occipital lobe
-Recieves visual information from the retinas |
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Visual association area
-Location -Function |
-Surrounds the primary visual cortex
-Interprets visual stimuli (color, form, and movement) |
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Primary Auditory cortex
-Location -Function |
-Located at the superior margin of the temporal lobe
-Revieves information related to pitch, rythm, and loudness |
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Auditory association area
-Location -Function |
-Located posterior to the primary auditory cortex
-Stores memories of sounds and permits preception of sounds |
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Where is wernickes area located
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Auditory association area
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What did carl wernicke describe about the brain
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That people who suffer neurophysiological damage to this area are unable to understand the content word while listening, and unable to produce meaningful sentence; there speech has grammatical structures but no meaning
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What are the association areas (4)
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-prefrontal cortex
-Language areas -General interpretation area -Visceral association |
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Know
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Prefrontal cortex
-Location -Function |
-in the anterior portion of the frontal lobe
-Involved with intellect, cognition, recall, and personality |
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The prefrontal cortex is necessary for
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judgement, reasoning, persistance, and conscience
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Which cortex is linked to the limbic system
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Prefrontal cortex
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Where are the language areas located
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-large areas surrounding the left lateral sulcus
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Wernickes area (language area)
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involved in sounding out unfamilary words
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Brocas area (language area)
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Speech preperation and production
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Lateral prefrontal cortex (language area)
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Language comprehension and word analysis
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Lateral and ventral temporal lobe (language area)
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coordinate auditory and visual aspects of language
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General Interpretation Area
-Location -Function |
-Found in one hemisphere, usually the left
-Integrates incoming signals into a single though -Involved in processing spatial relationships |
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A) Motor Cortex
B) Wernickes area C) Angular gyrus D) Visual cortex E) Auditory Cortex F) Brocas Area |
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Lateralization
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each hemisphere has the abilities not shared with its partner
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Cerebral dominance
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-designates the hemisphere dominant for language
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Left Hemisphere
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-Controls language, math and logic
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Right Hemisphere
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-controls visual-spatial skills, emotion, and artistic skills
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Cerebral White Matter
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consists of deep myelinated fibers and their tracts
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Cerebral white matter is responsible for the communication between
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The cerebral cortex and lower CNS center, and areas of the cerebrum
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Commissures
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Connect corresponding gray areas of the two hemispheres
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TEST QUESTION!!!!
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TEST QUESTION!!!
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Basal Nuclei/ganglia
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Masses of gray matter found deep within the cortical white matter
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The corpus stratum is composed of three parts
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-Caudate nucleus
-Lentiform nucleus -Fibers of internal capsule |
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Lentiform Nucleus
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Composed of the putamen and the globus pallidus
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Know
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What are the functions of Basal Nuclei (4)
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-Influence muscualr activity
-Regulate attention and cognition -Regulare intensity of slow or sterotyped movements -Inhibit antagonistic and unnecessary movement |
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Diencephalon
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-Central core of the forebrain
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What three paired structures does the diencephalon consists of
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-Thalamus
-Hypothalamus -Epithalamus |
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What structure enlcoses the third ventricle
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-Dienchephalon
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Know
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Thalamus
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Paired, egg-shaped masses that form the superolateral walls of the third ventricle
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The thalamus is connected to the midline by the
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intermediate mass
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All inputs ascending to the cerebral cortex pass through the (TQ)
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Thalamus
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Thalamus plays a key role in (5)
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mediating sensation, motor activities, cortical arousal, learning, and memory
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Hypothalamus
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Located below the thalamus, it caps the brainsetm and forms the inferolateral walls of the third ventricle
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Mammillary Bodies
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small, paired nuclei bulging anteriorly from the hypothalamus
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The mammillary bodies are the relay station for (TQ)
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Olfactory pathways
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Infundibulum
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Stalk of the hypothalamus; connects to the pituitary gland
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What is the functions of the hypothalamic function
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-blood pressue
-rate and force of heartbeat -digestive tract motility, -rate and depoth of breathing, and many other visceral activities |
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Hypothalamic is involved with perception of (3)
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-pleasure
-fear -rage |
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The hypothalamic controls mechanisms needed to maintain
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normal body temperature
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The hypothalamic regulates feelings of
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hunger and satiety
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The hypothalamic regulates
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sleep and the sleep cycle
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Endocrine functions of the hypothalamus
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Releasing hormones control secreation of hormones by the anterior pituitary
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The supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei produce
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ADH and oxytocin
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Epithalamus
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Most dorsal portion of the diencephalon; forms roof of the third ventricle
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Pienal gland
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extends from the posterior border and secreats melatonin
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Melatonin
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a hormone involved with sleep regulation, sleep-wake cycles, and mood
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Choroid plexus
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a structure that secreats cerebral spinal fluid
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Know
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The brain stem consists of three regions
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-midbrain
-pons -medulla oblongata |
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The brain stem is similar to the spinal cord by contains
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embedded nuclei
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The brain stem controls (TQ)
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automatic behaviors necessary for survival
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The brain stem is associated with (TQ)
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10 of the 12 pairs of cranial nerves
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Know
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Midbrain
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located between the diencephalon and the pons
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Cerebral aqueduct
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hollow tube that connects the third and fourth ventricles
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Midbrain nuclei control cranial nerves _____ and _____
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III(oculomotor) IV(trochlear)
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Corpora quadrigemina
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four domelike protrusions of the dorsal midbrain
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Superior colliculi (TQ)
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Visual reflex centers
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Inferior colliculi (TQ)
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Auditory replay centers
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Substantia nigra
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functionally linked to basal nuclei
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Pons
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Forms part of the anterior wall of the fourth ventricle
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The fibers of the pons relay
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impulses between the motor cortex and the cerebellum
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pons are the origin of the cranial nerves ___, _____ and ____
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V (trigeminal)
VI (abducens) VII (facial) |
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pons contain nuclei of the
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reticular formation
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Cardivascular control center
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adjust force and rate of heart contractions
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Respiratory centers
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control rate and depth of breathing
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The cerebellum provides
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precise timing and appropriate patterns of skeletal muscle contraction
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The cerebellar activity occurs
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subconciously
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Folia
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transversely oriented gyri
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Arbor vitae
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distinctive treelike pattern of the cerebellar white matter
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Cerebellum Anatomy
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two bilaterally symmetrical hemispheres connected medially by the vermis
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cerebellum recieves impulses of the intent
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to initiate voluntary muscle contraction
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Proprioceptors and visual signals inform
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the cerebellum of the bodys condition
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the cerebellum cortex calculates
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the best way to perfrom a movement
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A "blueprint" of coordinated movement is sent
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to the cerebral motor cortex
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Two functional brain systems
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-Limbic system
-Reticular formation |
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Limbic system
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structures on the medial acpects of cerebral hemispheres and diencephalon
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Limbic system includes (3)
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-rhinencephalon
-amygadala -hypothalamus |
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Amygadala
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deals with anger, danger, and fear responses
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Which system puts emotional responses to odors
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Limbic System
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Know
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Reticular Activating System
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sends impulses to the cerebral cortex to keep it conscious and alert
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The Reticular Activating System filters out (TQ)
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repetitive and weak stimuli
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Electroencephalogram (EEG)
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records brain wave activity
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Alpha Waves
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regular and rhythmic, low amplitude, slow, synchronous waves indicating an "idiling" brain
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Beta Waves
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rhythmic, more irregular waves occurring during the awake and mentall alert state
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Theta Waves
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more irregular than alpha waves; common in children but abnormal in adults
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Delta Waves
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high-amplitude waves seen in deep sleep and when reticular activating system is damped
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A flat EEG is evidence of
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Death
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Epilepsy is not associated with, nor does it cause
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intellectual impairments
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Absence seizures, or petit mal
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mild seizures seen in young children where the expresson goes blank.
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grand mal seizures
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victim loses consciousness, bones are often broken due to instesive convulsions, loss of bowel and bladder control, and severe biting of the tounge
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What is used to control epilepsy
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valproic acid, a nonsedating drug, enhances GABA and is a drug of choice
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Clinical Consciousness
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defines on a continuum that grades levels of behavior-alertness, drowsiness, stupor
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How many states of NREM does one pass through during the first 30-24 min
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four
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When does REM occour
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after this fourth NREM stage has bee achieved
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Stage 1 NREM
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eyes are closed and relaxiation begins; the EEG shows alpha waves; one can be easily aroused
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Stage 2 NREM
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EEG pattern is irregular with sleep spindles (high voltage wave bursts); arousal is more difficult
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Stage 3 NREM
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sleep deepnes; theta and delta waves appear; vital signs decline; dreaming is common
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Stage 4 NREM
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EEG pattern is dominated by delta waves; skeletal muscles are relaxed; arousal is difficult
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What is a characterisics of skeletal muscles in REM sleep
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are inhibited
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When does most dreaming take place
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in the REM stage
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Know
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what is presumed to be the restorative stage
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Slow wave sleep
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Narcolepsy
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lapsing abruptly into sleep from the awake state
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Insomnia
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chronic inability to obtain the amount or quality of sleep needed
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sleep apnea
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temporary cessation of breathing during sleep
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What are the three principles of memory
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-storage, processing, memory traces
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Storage
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occurs in stages and its continually changing
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Processing
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accomplished by the hippocampus and surrounding structures
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Memory traces
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Chemical or structural changes that encode memory
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How long does shorts term memory last and how much information is it limited to
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-seconds to hours
-7 or 8 pieces of information |
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Emotional State
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we learn best when we are alert, motivated, and aroused
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Rehersal
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repeating or rehersing materal enchances memory
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Association
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associating new information with old memories in LTM enchances memory
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What are the two categories of memory
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fact memory and skill memory
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Name the 3 traits of fact memory
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-Entails learning explicit information
-Is related to our conscious thoughts nd out language ability -Is stored with the contex in which it was learned |
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Skill memory
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-Is aquried through practice
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What is the difference from skill memory to fact memory
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-Skill memories do not retain the contex in which they were learned
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In memory neuronal ______ content is altered
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RNA
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In memory dendritic _______ change shapes
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Spine
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Extracellular protines are deposited at synapses involed in _____
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Long Term Memory
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More _______ is releases by presynaptic neurons
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neurotransmitter
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In memory new ______ neurons appear
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hippocampal
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The brain is protected by
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-Bone, meninges and cerebrospinal fluid
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Harmful substances are shielded from the brain by the ____-______ _____
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Blood-brain barrier
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What are the three connective tissue membranes that lie external to the CNS
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-Dura matter
-arachnoid mater -pia mater |
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What are the four functions of the meninges
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-Cover and protect the CNS
-Protect blood vessels and enclose venous sinuses -Contain cerebrospinal fluid -Form partitions within the skull |
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Know
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Dura mater
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leathery, strong meninx composed of two fibrous connective tissue layers
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The two layers of dura mater seperate
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in certian areas and from dural sinuses
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What are the three dural septa extend inward and limit excwessive moevement of the brain
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-Falx cerebri
-Falk cerebelli -Tentorium cerebelli |
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Falx cerebri
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-fold that dips into the longitudinal fissure
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Falx cerebelli
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-runs along the vermis of the cerebellum
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-Tentorium cerebelli (TQ)
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-horizontal dural fold extends into the transverse fissure
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Know
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Arachnoid Mater
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-middle menix, which forms a loose brain covering
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________ ______ protude superiorly and permit CSF to be absorbed into venous blood
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Arachnoid Villi
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Know
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Pia Mater
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-Deep matrix composed of delicate connective tissue that clings tightly to the brain
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Cerebrospinal Fluid
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watery solution that prevents the brain from crushing under its own weight
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What function foes cerebrospinal fluid play
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nourishes the brain and carries chemical signals throughout it
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Know
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Blood-Brain Barrier
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protective mechanism that helps maintain a stable enviroment for the brain
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Bloodborn substances are seperated from neurons by (3)
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-Continuous endothelium of capillary walls
-Relatively thick basal lamina -Bulbous feet of astrocytes |
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What is the function of a blood-brain barrier
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allows nutrients to pass freely
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What is the blood-brain barrier innefective against
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substances that can diffuse through plasma membranes
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Transient ischemic attacks (TIAs)
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temporary episodes of reversible cerebral ischemia
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Tissue plasminogen activator (TPA)
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is the only approved treatment for stroke
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Alzheimers Disease
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a progressive degenerative disease of the brain that results in dementia
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Perkinson Disease
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degeneration of the dopamine-releasing neurons of the substantia nigra
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Huntingtons disease
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a fatal hereditary disorder caused by accumulation of the protien huntingtin that leads to degeneration of the basal nuclei
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CNS tissue is enclosed within the vertebral column from the foramen magnum to
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L1
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Epidural Space
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space between the vertebrae and the dural sheath (dura mater) filled with fat and a network of veins
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Know
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Conus medullaris
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terminal portion of the spinal cord
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Filum terminale
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fibrous extension of the pia mater; anchors the spinal cord to the coccyx
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Denticulate ligaments
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delicate shelves of pia mater; attach the spinal cord to the vertebrae
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Spinal nerves
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31 pairs attach to the cord by paired roots
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Cervical and lumbar enlargements
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sites where nerves serving the upper and lower limbs emerge
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Cauda equina
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collection of nerve roots at the inferior end of the vertebral canal
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Anterior median fissure
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separates anterior funiculi
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Posterior median sulcus
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divides posterior funiculi
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What does gray matter consists of
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-soma
-unmyelinated -processes -neuroglia |
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Grey commissure
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connects masses of gray matter; encloses central canal
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Posterior (dorsal) horns
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interneurons
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Anterior (ventral) horns
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interneurons and somatic motor neurons
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Lateral horns
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contain sympathetic nerve fibers
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Know
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Know
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TEST QUESTION!!
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TEST QUESTION!!!
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(Gray matter) Dorsal half
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sensory roots and ganglia
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(Gray matter) ventral half
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Motor roots (anterior horn cells)
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_______ and ______ roots fuse laterally to form spinal nerves
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-dorsal
-ventral |
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Fibers from touch and pressure receptors form collateral _______ with interneurons in the ______ horns
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-Synapses, Dorsal
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the _______ tracts send impulses to the cerebellum and do not contribute to sensory preception
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spinocerebellar
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Lateral spinothalamic tract (TQ***)
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nonspecific pathway for pain, temperature, and crude touch
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TEST QUESTION
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KNOW
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Motor pathways
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decending tracts delieve efferent impulses from the brain to the spinal cord, and are divided into two groups
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Motor pathways involve
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two neurons (upper and lower)
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What do direct pathways originate with
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the pyramidal neurons in the precentral gyri
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Impulses from the direct pyramidal syatem are sent through the _________ tracts and ______ in the anterior horn
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-corticospinal, synapse
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What activates skeletal muscles
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stimulation of anterior horn neurons
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What are the two parts of the direct pathway called
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-corticobullar tracts
-innervate cranial nerve nuclei |
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Know
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What parts are included in the indirect system
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-rubrospinal, vestibulospinal, reticulospinal, and tectospinal tracts
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Motor pathways are complex and multisynaptic, and regulate (3)
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-axial muscles that maintain balance and posture
-Muscles controlling coarse movements of the proximal portions of limbs -Head, neck and eye movement |
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Know
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Recticulospinal tracts
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maintain balance
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Rubrospinal tracts
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control flexor movements
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Superior colliculi and tectospinal tracts
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mediate head movements
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Paralysis
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loss of motor function
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Flaccid paralysis
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sever damage to the ventral foor or anterior horn
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Spastic paralysis
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only upper motor neurons of the primary motor cortex are damages
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in spastic paralysis spinal neurons are intact and muscles are
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stimulated irregulary
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In spastic paralysis there is no
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voluntary control of muscles
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Paraplegia
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transection between T1 and L1
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Quadriplegia
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Transection in the cervical region
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Poliomeylitis
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destruction of the anterior horn motor neurons by the poliovirus
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Lou Gehrigs Disease
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neuromuscualr condition involving destruction of anterior horn motor neurons and fibers of the pyramidal tract
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When is CNS established (TQ)
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during the first month of development
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What can harm a fetus developing CNS
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maternal exposure to radiation, drugs
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