Chapter 1 - Psychology Roots, Big Ideas, And Critical Thinking Tools

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Aristotle (384-322 B.C.E)

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Greek Naturalist and Philosopher wondered about learning and Memory, Motivation and emotion, Perception and personality.

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Psychology was born. . .

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December of 1879, It began with Wilhelm Wundt which created "The Fastest and Simplest Mental Process" Experiment. (First Experiment) To study "Mental Process"

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Wilhelm Wundt

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Psychology began with him, he created "The Fastest and Simplest Mental Process" Experiment. (First Experiment) to study "Mental Process"

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What were the earliest psychologists called?

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"Magellons of the Mind" by Morton Hunt.

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Charles Darwin

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Proposed evolution; he was a English Naturalist. Charles was one of the Magellons.

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After the 1920's, Psychology was known was what?

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The scientific study of observable behavior.

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Behaviorists

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The view that psychology (1)should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. most psychologists today agree with (1) but not (2)

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Humanistic Psychologists

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Stressed the Growth Potential of Healthy People. (Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow)

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Cognitive Psychology

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Scientifically explorers how we perceive, process and remember information. Including why we become anxious and depressed.

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Cognitive Neuroscience

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Explore the brain's activity underlying Mental Activity.

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Today, What is Psychology Known as?

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Science of Behavior and Mental Process

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Mental Process

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Internal states we infer from behavior--Thoughts, beliefs and feelings.

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How did the cognitive revolution affect the field of Psychology?

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It led the field back to its early interests in mental processes and made them acceptable topics of scientific study.

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Psychology's Current Perspectives: Neuroscience

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How the body and brain enable emotions, memories, and sensory experiences

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Psychology's Current Perspectives: Evolutionary

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How the natural selection of traits passed down from one generation to the next has promoted the survival of genes.

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Psychology's Current Perspectives: Behavior genetics

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How our genes and our environment influence our individual differences

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Psychology's Current Perspectives: Psychodynamic

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How behavior springs from unconscious drives to conflicts

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Psychology's Current Perspectives: Behavioral

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How we learn observable responses.

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Psychology's Current Perspectives: Congnitive

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How we encode, process, store and retrieve information.

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Psychology's Current Perspectives: Socialculture

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How behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures.

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Gender

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Refers to the traits and behaviors we expect in a man or a woman

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Sex

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Biological characteristics people inherit, thanks to their genes.

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Critical Thinking

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Thinking that does not blindl accept arguments and conclusions. Rather, it examines assumptions, uncovers hidden values, weighs evidence, and assesses conclusions.

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Biopsychosocial Approach

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An approach that integrates different but complementary views from biological, psychological and social cultural viewpoints.

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Culture

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The enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people ad handed down from one generation to the next.

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Nature-Nurture Issue

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How we judge the contributions of nature (biology) and nurture (experiences). The age old controversy over the relative influence of genes and experience in the development of psychological traits and behaviors. Todays psychological science sees traits and behaviors arising from the interaction of nature and nurture.

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Intuition

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the ability to understand something immediately, without the need for conscious reasoning

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Visual Perception Track

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Enables us to think about the world-- to recognize things and plan future actions. it guides our moment to moment actions.

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Positive Psychology

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the scientific study of human functioning, with the goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive. (It explores Positive Emotions, Positive Characteristic Traits, and Positive Intuitions)

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Three Common Flaws in Intuitive Thinking: Hindsight Bias

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The tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that we could have predicted it. (Known as the I-Knew-It-All-Along phenomenon)

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Three Common Flaws in Intuitive Thinking: Overconfident

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To think we know more than we do.

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Three Common Flaws in Intuitive Thinking: Perceiving Order in Random Events

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Perceiving Order in Random Events

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What are 3 key elements in Scientific Attitude?

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Curious, Skeptical and Humble

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Theory

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Explanation using principles that organize observations and predict behaviors or events

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Hypothesis

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A testable prediction, often implied by a theory.

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Operational Definition

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A carefully worded statement of the exact procedures (operations) used in a research study. For example, Human Intelligence may be operationally defined as what an intelligence test measures.

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Replication

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Repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations to see weather the basic finding extends the other participants and circumstances.

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Description: Case Studies

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A descriptive technique in which one individual or group is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles.

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Description: Naturalistic Observations

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A descriptive technique of observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to change or control the situation.

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Description: Survey

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A descriptive technique for obtaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a group, usually by questioning a representative random sample of that group.

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Population

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All those in a group being studied from which samples may be drawn.

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Random Sample

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A sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion.

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Correlation

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A measure of that extent to which two events vary together and thus of how well either one predicts the other the correlation coefficient is the mathematical expression of the relationship, ranging from -1.00 to +1.00, with 0 indicating no relationship. Correlation indicates the possibility of a cause-effect relationship, but it does not prove Causation.

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Scatterplot

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A graphed clustered of dots, each of which represents the values of two factors. the slope of the dots suggests the direction of the relationships between the two factor how much the dots are scattered suggests the strength of the correlation (with little scatter indicating high correlation)

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Experiment

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A method which researchers vary on or more factors (independent variables) to observe the effect of some behavior or mental process (The dependent variable)

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Random Assignment

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assigning participant to experimental and control groups by chance, thus minimizing any differences between the groups.

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Experimental groups

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in a experiment, the group explosed to the treatment, that is, the one version of the independent variable.

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Control Group

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in an experiment, the group not exposed to the to the treatment; the control group serves as a comparison with the experimental group for judging the effect of the treatment.

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Placebo

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An inactive substance or condition that is sometimes given to those in a Control Group in place of a treatment given to the experimental group.

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Placebo Effect

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Results caused by expectations.

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Independent Variable

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In an experiment, the factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied.

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Confounding Variable

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in an experiment, the factor other than the independent variable that might produce an effect.

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Dependent Variable

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In an experiment, the factor that is measured, the variable that may change when the independent variable is manipulated.

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Research Methods:

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Descriptive

Correlational

Experimental

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Descriptive

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To observe and record behavior

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Correlational

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To detect naturally occurring relationships. To assess how well the variable predicts another

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Experimental

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To explore cause and effect

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Double Blinding

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Controls for the placebo effect, neither researchers nor participants know who receives the real treatment

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Random Sampling

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Helps researchers generalize from a small set of survey responses to a large population

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Random Assignment

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Helps minimize prexsisting differences between experimental and control groups

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Informed Consent

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To give people enough information about a study to enable them to decide wheather they wish to participate

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Debriefing

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After an experiment ends, explaining to participants the study's purpose and any deceptions researchers used.

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Testing Effect

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Enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading information. also sometimes called the retrieval practice effect or test-enhanced learning.

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SQ3R

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A study method incorporating five steps: Survey, Question, Read, Retrieve, Review