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29 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Cognition
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the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating
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Concept
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a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people
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Prototype
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a mental image or best example of a category. Matching new items to the prototype provides a quick and easy method for including items in ca category (as when comparing feathered creatures to a prototypical bird, such as a robin
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Algorithm
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a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. Contrasts with the usually speedier—but also more error prone—use of heuristics
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Heuristic
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a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone than algorithms
Insight: a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem; it contrasts with strategy-based solutions |
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Confirmation bias
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a tendency to search for information that confirms one’s preconceptions
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Fixation
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the inability to see a problem from a new perspective an impediment to problem solving
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Mental set
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a tendency to approach a problem in a particular way especially a way that has been successful in the past but may not be helpful in solving a new problem
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Functional fixedness
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the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving
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Representative heuristic
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judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead one to ignore other relevant information
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Insight
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a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem; it contrasts with strategy-based solutions
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Availability heuristic
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estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common
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Overconfidence
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the tendency to be more confident than correct—to overestimate the accuracy of one’s beliefs and judgments
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Framing
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the way an issue is posed; how an issue is posed can significantly affect decisions and judgments
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Belief bias
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the tendency for one’s preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning, sometimes by making invalid conclusions seem valid, or valid conclusions seem invalid
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Belief perseverance
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clinging to one’s initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited
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Artificial Intelligence (AI)
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the science of designing and programming computer systems to do intelligent things and to stimulate human thought processes, such as intuitive reasoning, learning, and understanding language
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Computer neural networks
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computer circuits that mimic the brain’s interconnected neural cells, performing tasks such as learning to recognizing visual patterns and smells
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Language
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our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning
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Phoneme
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in a spoken language the smallest distinctive sound unit
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Morpheme
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in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of a word (such as a prefix)
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Grammar
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in a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others
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Semantics
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the set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences, in a given language; also, the study of meaning
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Syntax
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the rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language
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Babbling stage
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beginning at 3 to 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language
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One-word stage
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the stage in speech development, from about age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words
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Two-word stage
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beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly two-word statements
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Telegraphic speech
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early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram—“go car”—using mostly nouns and verbs and omitting “auxiliary” words
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Linguistic determinism
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Whorf’s hypothesis that language determines the way we think
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