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289 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
intrapersonal communication
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within self
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interpersonal
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btwn ppl
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email is
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asynchronous
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texting and IM is
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synchronous
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linear view vs two way...
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transactional view of human communications
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feedforward
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info u provide before sending your message
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small talk =
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phatic comms = a type of feedforward
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feedback can be
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verbal or nonverbal
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metamessage
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a msg that refers to another msg
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physical, cultural, socio-psychological, temporal ARE ALL
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CONTEXTS
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vocal, olfactory, visual ARE ALL
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COMMUNICATION CHANNELS
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NOISE =
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ANYTHING THAT interferes with receiving the msg
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physical, physiological, psychological and semantic are all
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TYPE OF NOISE
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SIGNAL TO NOISE RATIO
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IS IMPORTANT FOR DETERMINING USEFULNESS OF COMMUNICATION STYLE
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NOISE CANNOT BE ELIMINATED BUT ITS
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effects can be reduced
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effect =
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consequence of a communication
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communication competence
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knowledge and skill with it, competence is culture specific
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the competent communicator is
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ethical, effective listener, AND HIS COMMUNICATIONS ARE PURPOSEFUL
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objective view of ethics
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same standards apply everywhere
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subjective view of ethics
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argues that absolute statements are too rigid
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adjustment
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communication can take place only to the extent that the communicators adjust to each other by USING THE SAME SIGNALS
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Communication accomodation theory -
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speakers adjust to or accomadate to the speaking style of their listener in order to gain approval
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ambiguity
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should be reduced in communication
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two levels of comms
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content and relationship dimensions, msg is either about content or about relationships
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must consider both
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the content and relationship aspects of any statement or message
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six types of power in comms (pg 15-16)
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legitimate power, referent power, reward power, coercive power, expert power, information power
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legitimate power
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based on position
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referent power
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others want to be like you, respected
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reward power
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u control rewards others want
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coercive power
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u can administer punishments
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expert power
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u have expertise or special knowledge
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information power
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u can persuade ppl
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comms are punctuated in order to
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ogether define each event as either a stimulus or response
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communication is inevitable
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that means u cannot NOT respond to others msgs, and u cannot NOT send a msg
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communication is irreversible
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u cannot unsay something
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communication is unrepeatable
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a communication act can never be duplicated
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culture is important to comms because of
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demographics, high sensitivity to cultural differences, economic interdependency, comms technology advances,
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elements of culture
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uncertainty avoidance, masculinity/femininity, power distance aka power distribution, individualism vs collectivism, high and low context aka how important context is to comms,
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ethnocentrism aka ethnocentricity
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seeing others cultures and actions through your culture's filters
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the higher the communication distance, the high the level of
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ethnocentrism
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looking glass self
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how others communicate with you depends on their perception of u
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self concept =
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social comparions + cultural teachings + self evaluation + other's ratings of you
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the 4 selves =
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the open self, the (purposely) hidden self, unknown (to anybody) self, blind self (what u dont know that others do know about you)
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growing in self awareness is done by
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increasing your open self, listening to ppl, seek info about yourself, dialogue with yourself
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self esteem
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how valuable u think u r, and what u think ur abilities r
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ways to increase self esteem
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attack self destruct. beliefs, seek out nourishing ppl, work on projects that will result in success, remind yourself of your successes, practice affirmations
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self-disclosure
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disclosing info about yourself to another person
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outing
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when the mass media reveals info about someone
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dangers of self disclosure
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personal risks (what ppl can use against you), relationship risks, professional risks
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factors affecting self disclosure are:
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personal identity, gender, culture, listeners, topic and channel
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rewards of self disclosure
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self-knowledge, improved coping, communication enhancement, more meaningful relationships
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dyadic effect
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u r more likely to disclose when a person around u discloses too
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guidelines for making self disclosures:
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consider the motivation, appropriateness, the other person's disclosures, potential burdens of self disclosure
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guidelines for facilitation/responding to others' self disclosures:
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support, reciprocate, confidentiality, don't use them against them
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guidelines for resisting pressure to self-disclose
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change topic, be assertive
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perception
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how we interpret the world aka the 'booming buzzing confusing' as psychologist william james called the world
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perception has how many stages
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5
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stage 1 of perception = stimulation
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can consist of selective attention, selective perception, selective exposure
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stage 2 of perception =
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organization, by either rules or schemata or scripts
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in stage 2 of perception, organization by RULES can be done according to
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either rules of contrast, proximity or similarity
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in stage 2 of perception, organization can be by schemata, which are
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mental templates or mental structures or paradigms
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when organization is by scripts in stage 2 of perception, a script is
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a schema that focuses on actions and procedures
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interpretation evaluation is stage #
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3
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memory is stage number
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4
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recall is stage number...
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= stage 5
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info recalled can be consistent or inconsistent with
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your schema
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impression formation is aka
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person perception
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self fulfilling prophecy
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when u help fulfill ur perception of a person
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halo effect
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when u associate one good quality with others and assume they have them all because they have one good quality
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primacy
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when what occurred first exerts the most influence
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recency
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when what occurred last exerts the most influence
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we increase our own effectiveness when we understand others'
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perceptions
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consistency
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tendency to maintain balance among perceptions or attitudes
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attribution of control
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when u focus on explaining why someone behaved the way they did
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self serving bias
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to take credit for positive and deny responsibility for the negative
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overattribution
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to single out one or two characteristics of a person and attribute everything that person does to this one or two characteristics
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fundamental attribution error
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when u overvalue the contribution of internal factors such as personality, and undervalue the contribution of external factors such as situational context or environment...thinking ppl do what they do b/c that's who they are, not because of the situation theyre in...
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we all have roles in perception and should avoid
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early conclusions
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believing the world is fair will make you overemphasize internal factors so beware of the
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"just world" hypothesis
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perception checking
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explore ur thoughts about someone to see if u were really right
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to reduce uncertainty about a person
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try to watch them when they are under pressure, interact with them, ask others about them
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affinity seeking strategies
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present urself as relaxed and enthusiastic, active and dynamic
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politeness strategies
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- balance your negative face and positive face and preserve both
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positive face
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desire to be viewed positively
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negative face
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the desire to be autonomous
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credibility strategies
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to be believed
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self-handicapping strategies
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to excuse failure in anticipation
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to secure help people take part in:
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self-deprecating strategies
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to hide faults, people use
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self-monitoring strategies
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to be followed, people use
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influencing strategies
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to confirm self image, people use
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image confirming strategies
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listening helps establish and communicate
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power
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effective listeners can go on to become
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leaders
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listening is what type of process
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circular
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in the receiving stage of listening, you have to confront
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mixed messaged
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disclaiming
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asking your listeners to pls receive a msg without prejudice
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disclaiming methods are:
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hedging, credentialing, sin licenses, cognitive disclaimers, appeals for suspension of judgment (see pg 55)
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five stage model of listening process (pg 55)
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rcving, understanding, remembering, evaluating, responding
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understanding
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grasping the thoughts and their accompanying emotional tone
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understanding also means to
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place the speaker's thoughts in a context and rephrase their ideas if necessary
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remembering
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is more than reproducing what was said, it is reconstructing it
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resist evaluating a Point of view
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unless u fully understand it
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distinguish facts from
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inferences by the speaker
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responding occurs in two forms
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those u make while speaker talks and those after speaker is done talking
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those responses that happen while the speaker is still talking are called:
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backchanneling cues
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ethical listening
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owing the speaker honest responses and evaluating message fairly
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take ownership of your responses by responding with
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"I" messages
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barriers to listening include
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physical distractions, mental distractions, biases, lack of appropriate focus, premature judgment
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styles of effective listening include
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empathic and objective listening, nonjudgmental and critical listening, surface and depth listening, polite and impolite listening, active and inactive listening
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listening is situational
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meaning it varies with the situation
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display rules
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culture-specific rules that govern which nonverbal behaviors are appropriate and which are inappropriate in a public setting
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the type and breadth of a person's feedback and nonverbal behaviors can be a function of a person's particular:
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culture
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men want to show their knowledge and women seek to build
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rapport
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women are better than men at
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showing listening cues and showing they are listening
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when listening, you have to make adjustments between the
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different forms of listening, active or inactive, etc
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researcher Tanner argues that men listen less to women than
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women listen to men, BECAUSE listening supposedly places an individual in an inferior position
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paraphrasing
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saying something in your own words
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when listening try to capture
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the central ideas and main evidence
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situation listening is
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adaptive
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empathic listening
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listening to what the person is feeling AND thinking
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active listening
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sending back to the listener what you think they meant
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sensitivity means you
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want to decrease the distance between yourself and others
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avoidance means you
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avoid and limit interactions, especially intimate communication with interculturally different others
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1) language ambiguity
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..is created by words that have more than one meaning or way to be interpreted
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2) relationship ambiguity
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...is not knowing the limits of what you can and cant say to your partner or what the future really holds for both of you or how they really feel or how much they know about how you really feel
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some cultures show high uncertainty ________
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avoidance
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Barriers to successful communication include
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message overload and message complexity.
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message complexity
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message too complicated
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message overload
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(when a person receives too many messages at the same time)
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ability to analyze, evaluate and produce messages in the mass media is your
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media literacy
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when you get blank stares from your listeners, that is still considered a form of
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feedback
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communication technology has
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made modern mass communication more potent
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the receiver is a decoder and the sender is the
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encoder
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the transactional model is the one that defines ppl as
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either encoders or decoders at any given time
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five basic purposes of communications
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play, help, relate, learn, influence
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small group communications refers to groups of
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5-10 people
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public communications refers to groups of
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11 or more people
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interpersonal communication happens with people you
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already know or have some sort of relationship with
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looking glass self is a concept that has to do with how your ________ see you
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closest friends and family
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self disclosure is
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info voluntarily shared with others
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one reason for self disclosure in a relationship is
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relationship development
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in the stimulation stage of perception, that is where we choose
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an event to perceive or choose what we will be perceiving
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perception checking
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helps improve accuracy of your perceptions
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selective exposure
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when u tend to expose yourself to info that will confirm ur existing beliefs
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selective attention
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when u attend to those things that u anticipate will fulfill ur needs and which u anticipate u will find enjoyable
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2 types of selective perception are
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selective attention and selective exposure
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the process by which the perceiver groups together two or more stimuli that are close together
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proximity
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the johari window shows the 4 selves which are
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blind, hidden, open, unknown
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sarah in her video blog was an example of
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self disclosure
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in the video blog in quiz 2, sarah's self concept was NOT the same thing as
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sarah's measure of how valuable she thinks she is in accomplishments and activities
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dyads
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groups of 2 ppl
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disinhibition effect occurs in
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online communications
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responding occurs in how many forms
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2 forms
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sharpen
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to isolate 1 part of msg, embellish, highlight
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in the video about brian and his mother talking about colleges, Brian's mother had a lack of
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appropriate focus
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being a better listener goes with having or developing
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an increased ability to influence others
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there are __ stages in listening
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five
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listening to a lecture in class is listening for
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surface information
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listening is a collection of skills that can be
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improved over time
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message meanings are not in the msg but instead are in
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ppl
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denotation
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objective meaning
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connotation
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subjective or emotional meaning given to term by the speaker
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Hayakawa talked about
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negative 'snarl' words and positive 'purr' words
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abstraction
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a general concept, not a specific and concrete term
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communicating with verbal msgs means
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choosing btwn abstract and specific terms to use
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directness
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less polite
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indirectness
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more polite
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women are more
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polite in giving orders and making them indirect
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netiquette
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internet politeness
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most women's or men's apologies are made
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to females
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assertiveness
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bold but not hurting others
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social networking politeniness
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avoid putting friends in awkward situations
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how to become assertive in a problem-solving situation:
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describe problem dont judge it, state how it affects you or makes you feel, propose workable solutions for everyone to save face, confirm understanding at the end
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assertiveness is not always
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called for
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cultural principles
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should be followed in communicating
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principle of cooperation
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in any comms exchange, both partied will help each other to understand each other
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conversational maxims
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four subprinciples of the principle of cooperation
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four conversational maxims are
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four subprinciples of cooperation are:
informational quality, relation (relevance), manner (clarity), quantity (informative as necessary) |
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principle of peaceful relations
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peaceful relations are primary goal of comms
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principle of self-denigration
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to avoid taking credit for your own accomplishments
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principle of directness
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desired level of directness and indirectness changes based on culture and situation
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2 principles of japanese indirectness
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omoiyari - empathy
and Sassuru - infer total meaning via cues, do not ask directly |
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lying by commission
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making explicitly false statements
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lying by omission
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omitting relevant information causing others to draw false conclusions
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during conflict, women seek
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agreement
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men will express
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'bald disagreement' more often
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ableism
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discrimination against people with disabilities
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women more often use polite speech to
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gain compliance
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confirmation vs disconfirmation
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the extend to which you acknowledge the other person
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individual racism is in contrast with
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institutional racism
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disconfirmation
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ignoring someone's presence as well as their communications
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rejection
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you disagree with the person's message but you do not discredit the person
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psychologist William James
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stated that being ignored is the greatest punishment
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confirmation
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acknowledging a person's presence and accepting their self-definition at the same time
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signs of disconfirmation
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jumping to interpretation, interrupting, responding to a person only tangentially
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signs of confirmation
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encouraging expression, reacting exclusively to what a person says, asking questions and acknowledging questions,
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individual heterosexism is a more narrow term than
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institutional heterosexism
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institutional ageism can be seen in
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mandatory retirement laws and age restrictions
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individual ageism can be seen in
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particular portrayals of the elderly in the media
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individual heterosexism includes the belief that
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homosexuals cannot raise children or maintain stable relationships
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avoid overattribution, or attributing everything a person does to his sexual orientation, because that
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helps perpetuate negative stereotypes
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sex role sterotyping can be avoided if you refer to
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a male nurse or female doctor
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talking down or talking slowly to the elderly is showing
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individual ageism
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affectional orientation
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similar to the term sexual orientation, but referring to affection instead of sex.
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dont refer to age sex and race if it is
|
unnecessary to do so
|
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extensionalize
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analyze something according to what it is instead of its label
|
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intensionalize
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to take into account the label first
|
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static evaluation
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judging somebody or something based on one static non-changing look or glance
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non-allness
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the attitude that you do not know all things and that there is always more to learn and assimilate
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allness
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thinking you know everything
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fact-inference confusion
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not properly distinguishing facts from assumptions or logical leaps of judgment or educated guesses (inferences)
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factual statements may be made only after
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observation
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factual statements are limited to what was
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observed
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factual statements may be made only by the
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observer
|
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factual statements may be made only about the
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past or present
|
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factual statements are subject to
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verifiable standards
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factual statements approach
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certainty
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inferential statements
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may be made at any time
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inferential statements
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go beyond what has been observed
|
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inferences may be made by
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anyone
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inferences involve varying degrees of
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probability
|
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inferences may be made at
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any time
|
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index
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a useful antidote to discrimination (pg 88)
|
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index
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a mental subscript in which everyone is an individual
|
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polarization means
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an either/or fallacy with either/or statements
|
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a date
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is a mental subscript that allows you to look at your statement within the context of the particular time and date when it was said
|
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in certain situations, either/or statements are
|
fine
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dating your statement is important when your statement is
|
evaluative, because where u were at that time is important to what you knew about the subject then
|
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there is a strong tendency toward polarization where people
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categorize others according to polar opposite qualities or black/white extremes
|
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indiscrimination
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the failure to distinguish between similar but different people
|
|
institutional sexism involves
|
customs and practices
|
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gay bashing is
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individual sexism
|
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retaining a judgment of a person, despite the inevitable changes in a person is known as
|
static evaluation
|
|
best to use inclusive terms like 'place of worship' instead of 'church', which is an
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exclusive term
|
|
people in polychromic cultures believe that human relations are more important than
|
the business at hand
|
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setting boundaries =
|
regulating
|
|
shy employee in video, alberto, to communicate with boss, used-
|
'affect displays'
|
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impersonal is the opposite of
|
interpersonal
|
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dont finish sentences of ppl with speech disorders or tell them to
|
relax and slow down
|
|
a conversation starts with an opening and the second stage is
|
the feedforward
|
|
phatic message
|
Phatic Communication: Using conventional messages to establish rapport, to break the ice, and/or to end a conversation. You might hug, kiss, shake hands, bow
|
|
nonverbal
|
compliments verbal msgs
|
|
nonverbal means can communicate
|
both intimacy/love and anger etc
|
|
nonverbal means can also communicate your relationship
|
dominance and statis
|
|
structuring conversation involves
|
showing your are listening or ready to start talking
|
|
kinesics
|
body movements, emblems, illustrators, affect displays, regulators, adaptors
|
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emblems
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body movements that translate into phrases, like the ok sign
|
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affect displays
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movements of face that communicate emotional meaning
|
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regulators are behaviors that
|
monitor, coordinate like nodding or leaning your head forward and opening mouth showing u r ready to speak
|
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adaptors
|
gestures satisfying personal need like scratching
|
|
self adaptors
|
self touching like rubbing your nose
|
|
alter adaptors
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movements that interact with a person, overtly like touching them or covertyly like folding your arms on your chest to keep your distance from them came
|
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object adaptors
|
movements focused on objects
|
|
illustrators
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movemnts that illustratee verbal msgs like circular hand movements when illustrating something large and round
|
|
attractiveness is
|
part of your body language
|
|
facial movements can communicate at least the following eight emotions:
|
happiness, surprise, fear, anger, sadness, disgust, contempt and interest
|
|
facial feedback hypothesis
|
says that ur facial expression influences ur level of psychological arousal
|
|
facial management techniques help express feelings while
|
hiding others
|
|
facial management techniques serve to
|
intensify, deintensify, neutralize (cover up an emotion), mask (replacing an emotion with a fake emotion you don't really feel), simulate (show an emotion you dont feel)
|
|
average age of mutual gaze in western culture
|
1.18 seconds
|
|
breaking cultural-specific eye contact rules implies you are showing:
|
abnormally high or low interest in the person, self-consciousness, nervousness over your interaction, stress and surprise
|
|
eye contact functions include
|
monitoring feedback, securing attention, regulating conversation, signal nature of relationship, signal status, compensate for physical distance, block off unpleasant stimuli
|
|
eye avoidance is related to
|
civil inattention
|
|
spatial communications
|
is the study of proxemics
|
|
four distances btwn communicators
|
intimate, personal, social and public distance
|
|
intimate distance
|
18 inches or less apart
|
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personal distance
|
18 inches+ to 4 feet apart
|
|
social distance
|
4+ feet to 12 feet
|
|
public distance
|
12+ to 25 feet
|
|
territorialitty
|
possessive reaction to an area or to particular objects
|
|
primary territories
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areas u call ur own
|
|
secondary territories
|
areas that dont belong to u but with which u r associated
|
|
public territories
|
areas open to all ppl
|
|
home field advantage
|
dominance at home territory
|
|
markers to signify ownership
|
central, boundary and ear-marks
|
|
boundary markers
|
divide your territory from others, such as armrests separating seats on a bus
|
|
earmarkers
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branding, nameplates, initials, trademarks showing possession of an object
|
|
central markers
|
items u place in ur territory to mark ur presence
|
|
marking your territory
|
is a healthy sign
|
|
artifactual messages
|
r conveyed through objects or arrangements made by human hands
|
|
high status individuals in a society have the right to
|
invade lower ranking individuals territories or homes
|
|
respiration rates increase in the presence of
|
red light
|
|
blue is soothing and red is
|
provocative
|
|
brown as a color lacks
|
authority
|
|
green elicits a
|
negative response
|
|
black is
|
too powerful
|
|
yellow in western culture is seen as
|
weak
|
|
your clothing shows your willingness to
|
conform to the rules and style of the organization
|
|
long hair is seen as
|
less conservative (end of page 103)
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