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87 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
DNA looks like______
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Spiral staircase
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How many forms of DNA?
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one
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DNA has a _____ helix
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double
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The sides are Alternating ____ and ____
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Sugar, Phosphates
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The sugar is ________
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the dioxyribose
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The middle rungs of DNA are made of ________
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nitrogen bases
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The bases are
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Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine, Thymine
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What bases always pair with each other?
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Adenine with Thymine and
Cytosine with Guanine |
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What stage does DNA replication occer?
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Always in Interphase
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What happens in DNA replication?
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DNA unwinds and seperates, loose nitrogen Basis in the nucleus pair with the open nitrogen basis, The order matches exactly
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The DNA remains ______ between the parent and the offspring.
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The same
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What does DNA do?
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controls everything you do
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RNA has ________ helix
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a single
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What are the nitrogen basis of RNA?
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Adenine, Uracil, Cytosine, Guanine
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Which Nitrogen Basis pair up?
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Adenine with Uracil and Cytosine with Guanine
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What does the RNA do?
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Produces protiens
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RNA undergoes _______ and _______
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transcription, translation
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How many forms of RNA are there?
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three
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What are the three types of RNA?
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mRNA, tRNA, rRNA
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mRNA is the __________ RNA
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Messanger
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mRNA is found ________
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in the nucleus
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mRNA ________ on open DNA helix, then _____ and matches ________to create RNA strand
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Reads, unzips, the complementry bases
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rRNA is the ________ RNA
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ribo-somal
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rRNA is found in __________ part of the ____________
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Cytoplasm, ribosome
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the rRNA reads the RNA in ________ (threebases in order)
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triplets
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tRNA is the_______ RNA
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transfer
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the tRNA is found in the _______
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cytoplasm
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the RNA carries ___________ to make a _______, which creats a _______
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specific amino acids, chain, protien
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How many stages to Protein synthesis, What are they?
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two, Transcrpition and translation
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Transcription is the ___________
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copying of the DNA
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Translation is ______________
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decoding and translating the RNA
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What is the cell cycle?
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the regular sequence of growth and division that cells undergo
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All parts of the cell are either _____ or _____ evenly during the cell cycle.
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duplicated, divided
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One parent cell becomes _____ daughter cell/s
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2
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How many stages in the cell cycle?
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3
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How many stages in mitosis?
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4
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What are the stages (including the steps in mitosis?
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Interphase, Mitosis (prophase, metaphase anaphase, telophase) Cytokanesis
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INTERPHASE
- ___ (shortest/ longest/ other) period of time -is over when________ -occers_______ -DNA _____ after_______ -ends with_______ |
longest
the cell doubles in size in the nucleous replicates, The cell grows 2 identical DNA |
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MITOSIS
-occers in ________ stages -Nuclear________ -the cells nucleus______ into __ new _____ -__ copy of ____ is distributed to each _______ cell |
4
division devides, 2, nuclei one, DNA, daughter |
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What is chromatin?
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DNA in the nucleus ost of the cells life, thread like, a jumbled mass (all jumbled in a *tin*)
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What is chromatid?
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tight condensed coils made of chromatins (loopy "d" is like a coil)
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What is a chromosome?
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two identical chromatids joind (in and x) by a centromere
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what are the stages of mitosis?
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prophase, metephase, anaphase, and telophase
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What happens during prophase?
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thread like chromatins condense and coil into chromatids in the nucleus, and the nucluar membrane starts dissolving
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What happens during metephase? what does met mean?
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met = middle
the chromosomes align along the middle of the cell on an imaganary equater. |
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What hapens during anaphase?
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The chromasomes begin seperating and attach to spindle fibers that come out of the north and south poles of the cell (form v shapes on the ends of the spidle fiber)
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What happens during telephase?
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The chromosomes continue to seperate and start moving to oposite poles of the cell, the cromatids unwind into cromatins, and the nuclear membrane start to form
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What happens during cytokinesis?
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the cytoplasm divides and distributes the organells evenly into the two daughter cells.
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cytokinesis occers __________ with telephase.
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simultaneously
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each daugter cell ends with ______ amount of chromasomes as the parent cell
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the same
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cytokinesis occers diffrently in each type of cell what happen to Animal cells?
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Cell membran squeezes together in the middle and pinches together`
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cytokinesis occers diffrently in each type of cell what happen to Plant cells?
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cell plate gradually developes into cell membrane then the cell wall between the cell
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cytokinesis occers diffrently in each type of cell what in budding?
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yeast daugter cells "bud" off of the parent cell and grow into full-sized cells
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What is the length of the cell cycle?
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it depends on the type of cell
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What is caused when the cell cycle goes wrong?
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cancer
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What are Homologouse chromosomes?
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two chromasomes with the exact same genes, but different variations of the genes ( eg. one has blue eyes brown hair, the other has green eyes red hair)
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What are sister chromatids?
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Sister chromatids are two identical copies of a single chromosome that are connected by a centromere. (same as a chromosome)
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What is crossing over?
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Asection from each homologouse chromosomes exchange with the corresponding section (ei. red hair and brown hair change places)
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when can crossing over occer?
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Prophase 1
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meiosis occers in ______
the cell cycle occers in _______ |
gametes
any cells |
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what are gametes
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sex cells (egg or sperm cells)
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What is a Haploid?
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a cell that has a single set of each cromosomes
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What is diploid?
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A cell that has 2 identical sets of each chromosomes
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Meiosis turns a _______ cell into a ______
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diploid, haploid
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What are the (highest) catagories of meiosis?
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meiosis 1 and 2
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meiosis 1, interphase
what haapens? |
DNA replication, cell grows, centricles move toward poles
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Meiosis 1
What happens during Prophase 1? |
Nuclear membrane dissolves, Chromosomes form and pair with eachother to form homologous chromosomes
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meiosis 1
what happens during Metephase 1? |
Homologous chromosomes pair along the imaginary equator, spindle fibers attach to them and the centricles ("t" things)
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Meiosis 1
what happens during Anaphase 1? |
Homologouse chromosomes split and each move to opposite sides of the cell still attached to spindle fibers
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Meiosis 1
What happens during telophase 1 and cytopkinesis? |
Spindle fibers go away, homologeouse chromosomes split, cell devides into 2 daugter cells
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Meiosis 2
What happens during interphase 2? |
NO INTERPHASE 2
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Meiosis 2
What happens during Prophase 2? |
Chromosomes prepare to devide again, spindle fibers begin to grow from the centricles
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Meiosis 2
What happens during Metephase 2? |
Chromosomes line up on imaginary equator, the spindle fibers no go from the centricles to the centromeres
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Meiosis 2
What happens during What happens during Anaphase 2? |
sister chromatids/ chromosomes begin seperating still attached to the spindle fibers, now the V shape is attached to the spindle fibers
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Meiosis 2
What happens during Telophase 2 and cytokinesis 2? |
Ends with each cell being haploid (n)
Four daugter cells |
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How many steps to transcription?
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3
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TRANSCRIPTION
1. the _______________ acts as a template for the ____ 2. _________, and enzyme, moves down the track to form a ______ of ________. 3. Forms ________ |
coding strand of the DNA, RNA
RNA polymererase, chain, RNA Codon |
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How many steps to translation?
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3
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What are the steps of translation?
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Initiation, Elongation, Termination
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What happens during Initiation?
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The mRNA forms a comple with a ribosome
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What happens during Elongation?
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The ribosome "reads" the codons to build a chain of amino acids
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Which two types of RNA are used in elongation?
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rRNA and tRNA
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What does the ribosome consist of?
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Small molecule of rRNA combind with two larger molecules of rRNA
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What does the rRNA do during Elongation?
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-Binds to mRNA
-ensures genetic message is properly read -Forms bond to "give" amino acids |
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What does the tRNA do during Elongation?
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-goes to the cytoplasm to find corrisponding amino acids and bring it back to form a chain, as the ribosome reads the codon
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What pairs with the codon of the amino acid?
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The anti- codon
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What is Termination?
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the protein is released and goes to its destination
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