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110 Cards in this Set
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Mycology |
Study of fungi |
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Filamentous/fleshy fungi |
Molds and mushrooms |
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Nonfilamentous |
Yeasts |
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Thallus |
Major body of molds, composed of long, thin filaments |
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Hyphae |
Filaments that compose the thallus |
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Septate hyphae |
Cross linked walls in hyphae |
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Coenocytic hyphae |
Molds that lack septate and appear to have one continuous cell with multiple nuclei |
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Vegetative hypha |
Portion of hypha that is responsible for nutrient absorption |
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Aerial hypha |
Portion of hypha that is responsible for reproduction |
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Mycelium |
Hyphae that form a filamentous mass that is visible to the naked eye |
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How do you start a culture of fungi |
Use the hyphae of a thallus |
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Pseudohypha |
Short chains of bud cells on yeast |
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Fission of yeast |
1. Cell elongates 2. organelles are replicated 3. Cell is pinched off at the node, two daughter cells are produced |
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Yeast's relationship to oxygen |
Facultative anaerobic growth |
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Dimorphism |
When they can grow as either yeast or molds |
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Conidospore |
These are spores not enclosed by a sac |
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Sporangiospore |
Spores which are enclosed by a sac |
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Asexual spores |
Most common, produced from hyphae |
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Conidiophore |
The stalk like structure in which conidiospores form off of |
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Sexual reproduction |
1. Plasmogamy. Donor penetrate recipient 2. Karyogamy. Nuclei fuse together 3. Meiosis. Genetic recombination |
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How do fungi compete with bacteria |
By living in highly acidic or sugary /salty environments |
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Molds relationship to oxygen |
Aerobic |
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Mycosis |
Fungal disease, usually chronic |
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Systematic mycosis |
Located deep within the body that affect many areas |
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Subcutaneous mycosis |
Fungal infections under the skin |
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Cutaneous mycosis |
Fungal infection of epidermis, hair, nails |
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Keratinase |
Breaks down keratin |
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Dermatophytes |
Fungus that cause disease, Tolerate skin pH and produce keratinase |
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Innate immunity |
Nonspecific, immediate response, TLRs, no memory |
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Adaptive immunity |
specific recognition, delayed response |
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Mucociliary escalator |
Synchronous movement of respiratory cilia to propel debris in mucus up the throat |
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Sebum |
Prevents hair from drying out, forms protective film over the skin |
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Perspiration |
Made by sweat glands to maintain temperature, eliminate waste and wash away microorganisms on skin |
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Lysozymes |
Enzyme capable of breaking down peptidoglycan in bacterial cell wall |
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Gastric juice |
In stomach, contains hydrochloric acid that destroys bacteria and toxins |
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Plasma |
Fluid portion of blood that contains antibodies |
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Leukocytes |
White blood cells that participate in immune responses |
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Platelets |
Cell fragments that allow the body to form blood clots |
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Leukocytosis |
During infections, white blood cell count increases |
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Leukopenia |
During infections, white blood cell count decreases |
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Granulocytes |
Neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, dendritic cells |
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Agranulocytes |
Monocytes, lymphocytes, T and B cells |
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Neutrophils |
Polymorphic, active in initial stages of infection |
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Basophils |
Call the shots, release histamine for inflammation |
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Eosinophils |
Eat parasites and cause allergic reactions |
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Monocytes |
Precursor of the macrophage, have to leave the blood first |
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NK cells |
Use perforin and granzyme to kill even self cells |
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Phagocytosis |
Ingestion of a microorganism by a cell |
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TLRs |
Receptors on a cell that tell it what to attack |
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Inflammation |
Defensive response to damage caused by a physical or chemical agent |
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Complement system |
Defensive system consisting of 30+ proteins produced by the liver, inactive until infection |
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Three stages of the complement system |
1. Cytolysis 2. Inflammation 3. Phagocytosis |
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Interferons |
Interfere with viral multiplication |
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Transferrins |
Make iron hard to get |
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Adaptive immunity has two parts |
Humoral and cellular |
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Humoral immunity |
Extracellular, B cells - > plasma cells, Mediated by antibodies |
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Cellular immunity |
Intracellular, CD8 - > CTL, Mediated by T cells |
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Antigens |
Molecules that cover foreign microbes not recognized as self |
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Epitope |
Specific region on an antigen that an antibody can recognize |
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Cytokines |
Chemical messengers |
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Interleukins |
Communicate between leukocytes |
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Chemokines |
Induce leukocytes to migrate toward an infected area |
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Clonal selection |
Lymphocytes will first proliferate, then differentiate into a mature effector cell |
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MHC 1 |
Antigens are found on all body cells except RBCs. Mark host cells as self |
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MHC 2 |
Contain immune cells called antigen presenting cells, stimulate immune response |
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Antigen presentation |
Antigens processed into fragments and presented to T cells |
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Helper T cells |
CD4 cells that tell us which immune response to use |
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Antigen presenting cells |
Dendritic cells, macrophages, B cells |
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B cells |
Humoral, present antigens to T cells |
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Clonal expansion |
CD4 cells first proliferate, then differentiate, a few become memory cells |
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TH1 |
IL2, produce cytokines that activate cellular immunity |
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TH2 |
Humeral, IL4, Produce cytokines associated with B cells and allergic reactions |
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Clonal deletion |
Destroys any harmful B cells |
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Affinity |
Strength of the bond between an antigen and antibody |
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Agglutination |
When antibodies cause antigens to lump together |
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Opsonization |
Coating of antigens with antibodies that enhance phagocytosis |
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Neutralization |
IgG antibodies inactivate viruses by blocking their attachment to host cells and destroy toxins |
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ADCC |
Ability of antibodies of humeral system and cells of cellular system to stimulate NKs to kill large invaders |
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Hypersensitivity |
Antigenic response beyond which is normal, allergies |
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Anaphylaxis |
Reaction caused when certain antigens combine with IgE antibodies |
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T independent antigens |
Elicit the production of antibodies by B cells without T cell involvement |
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T dependent antigens |
Requires presence of T Helper cells to stimulate antibody production by B cells |
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Chemotherapy |
Use of synthetic or naturally derived compounds to combat infectious disease in a living host |
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Antibiotics |
Naturally occurring substances that kill or inhibit organisms |
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Chemosynthetic agents |
Synthetic compounds which are selectively toxic to organisms |
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Minimum inhibitory concentration |
Minimum concentration needed to prevent the replication of a certain microbe |
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Chemotherapeutic index |
Minimum dose of a drug that is toxic to the host divided by the effective therapeutic dose (want HIGH) |
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Broad spectrum antibiotics |
Inhibit a large range of G+ and G- bacteria |
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Narrow spectrum antibiotics |
Act only against a few groups of bacteria, penicillin |
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Inhibitors of cell wall synthesis |
Penicillin, cephalosporins, bacitracin, carbapenems, vancomycin, isoniazid |
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Penicillin |
Only gram +, inhibits crosslinking of peptidoglycan |
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Cephalosporins |
Gram +&-, alternative to penicillin, damages kidneys |
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Bacitracin |
Gram +, applied topically, Nephrotoxic |
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Carbapenems |
Use primaxin and cilastatin, inhibit cell wall synthesis, little side effects |
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Vancomycin |
Glycopeptide antibiotics, narrow and toxic, gram +, damage to ears and kidneys |
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Isoniazid |
Inhibits mycolic acid, damages liver |
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Inhibits cell membrane function |
Polymyxin B |
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Polymyxin B |
Nephrotoxic, increases Permiability |
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Inhibitors of protein synthesis |
Aminoglycosides, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, macrolides, lincosamides, streptogramins, oxazolidinones |
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Aminoglycosides |
Bind to 30S ribosome, results in misread mRNA, hearing defects, kidney damage |
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Tetracycline |
Prevent binding of trna to 30S ribosome, discolors teeth, kidney and liver damage |
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Chloramphenicol |
Penetrate BBB, last resort, gram +/-, gray syndrome |
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Macrolides |
Prevents syphilis in babies, used for people with penicillin allergies, liver damage, gastrointestinal distress |
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Lincosamides |
Binds to 50S ribosome and prevents elongation, gram +&-, pseudomembranosus colitis |
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Streptogramins |
Bind to 50S ribosome, causing premature chain termination, muscle aches, rash, headache |
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Oxazilidinones |
Binds to 50S ribosome, inhibits initiation of protein chain formation, toxic to mitochondria |
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Inhibit nucleic acids |
Sulfonamides, floroquinolones, rifampin |
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Sulfonamides |
Inhibit folic acid synthesis, damage kidneys and liver |
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Floroquinolones |
Inhibit DNA gyrase in DNA replication, affects cartilage development, gastrointestinal distress, allergies |
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Rifampin |
Inhibits rna synthesis, always with isoniazid, liver damage, gastrointestinal distress |