Biochemistry Vocabulary

Front 1

Matter

Back 1

physical or corporeal substance in general, whether solid, liquid, or gaseous, especially as distinguished from incorporeal substance, as spirit or mind, or from qualities, actions, and the like.

Front 2

Atom

Back 2

basic unit of matter

Front 3

Molecule

Back 3

smallest unit of most compounds

Front 4

Element

Back 4

substance consisting entirely of one type of atom

Front 5

Compound

Back 5

substance formed by the chemical combination of two or more elements in definite proportions

Front 6

Electron

Back 6

negatively charged particle; located outside the atomic nucleus

Front 7

Proton

Back 7

a positively charged particle

Front 8

Neutron

Back 8

a particle with no charge

Front 9

Isotope

Back 9

atom of an element that has a number of neutrons different from that of other atoms

Front 10

Ionic bond

Back 10

bond formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another

Front 11

Non Polar Covalent Bond

Back 11

A bond between 2 nonmetal atoms that have the same electronegativity and therefore have equal sharing of the bonding electron pair

Front 12

Polar Covalent Bond

Back 12

A bond between 2 nonmetal atoms that have different electronegativities and therefore have unequal sharing of the bonding electron pair

Front 13

Mixture

Back 13

material composed of two or more elements or compounds that are mixed together but chemically combined

Front 14

Solution

Back 14

mixture of two or more substances in which the molecules of the substances are evenly distributed

Front 15

Suspension

Back 15

mixture of water and nondissolved materials

Front 16

Solute

Back 16

substance that is dissolved in a solvent to make a solution

Front 17

Solvent

Back 17

substance in which a solute is dissolved to form a solution

Front 18

pH Scale

Back 18

measurement system used to indicate the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in solution; ranges from 0 to 14

Front 19

Polymer

Back 19

large compound formed from combinations of many monomers

Front 20

Monomer

Back 20

small unit that can join together with other small units to form polymers

Front 21

Organic

Back 21

any molecules that contains BOTH CARBON and HYDROGEN together in the same molecule

Front 22

Inorganic

Back 22

any molecules that doesn't contain BOTH CARBON and HYDROGEN together in the same molecule.

Front 23

Monosaccharide

Back 23

a single, simple sugar

Front 24

Polysaccharide

Back 24

large macromolecule formed from monosaccarides

Front 25

carbohydrate

Back 25

compound made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms; major source of energy for the human body

Front 26

lipid

Back 26

macromolecule made mainly from carbon and hydrogen atoms; includes fats, oils and waxes

Front 27

protein

Back 27

macromolecule that contains, carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen; needed by the body for growth and repair to make up enzymes

Front 28

reactant

Back 28

element or compound that enters into a chemical reaction

Front 29

product

Back 29

element or compound produced by a chemical reaction

Front 30

substrate

Back 30

reactant of an enzyme-catlayzed reaction

Front 31

enzyme

Back 31

PROTEIN that acts as a biological catalyst. Cells use enzymes to speed up chemical reactions that take place in cells

Front 32

activation energy

Back 32

energy needed to get a reaction started

Front 33

Enzyme-Substrate Complex

Back 33

Enzymes provide a site where reactants can be brought together to react. Such a site reduces the energy needed for reaction. The reactants of enzyme-catalyzed reactions are known as substrates. REMEMBER-each protein has a specific complex shape. The proteins bind to a site on the enzyme called the active site. The active site and the substrates have complementary shapes. THE FIT IS SO PRECISE THAT THE ACTIVE SITE AND SUBSTRATES ARE OFTEN COMPARED TO A LOCK AND KEY. The enzyme and substrate are bound together by inetrmolecular forces and form an enzyme-substrate complex. They remain bound together until the reaction is done. Once the reaction is over, the products of the reaction are released and the enzyme is free to start the process again

Front 34

denaturation

Back 34

when enzymes become too hot they can be denatured-which means they are permanently changed and are unable to catalzye any more reactions

Front 35

Dehydration Synthesis

Back 35

Sucrose is formed when glucose and fructose join together in a reaction known as dehydration synthesis (think of what words mean- something being made when water is removed

Front 36

hydrolysis

Back 36

it means that a water molecule splits a compound
hydro-water; lysis-break apart

Front 37

glycosidic bond

Back 37

a type of carbohydrate-protein covalent bond

Front 38

peptide bond

Back 38

a peptide forms when two or more amino acids join together. PEPTIDE BONDS LINK AMINO ACIDS TOGETHER WHEN A CONDENSATION REACTION ( a reaction in which water is produced) occurs between the amino group and a carboxly group