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247 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Where does the krebs cycle take place? |
Takes place within mitochondrial matrix |
|
What must happen before the citric acid cycle can begin? |
Pyruvate needs to be converted to Acetyl-CoA (before what?)What |
|
What molecules are generated for one turn of the citric acid cycle? |
1 ATP + 3 NADH + 1 FADH2 generated (per one turn if what?) |
|
How many turns of the citric acid cycle per glucose? |
2 turns |
|
Coenzyme A (What does it do?) |
Converts pyruvate to Acetyl CoA (what does?) |
|
Citrate Synthase (what reaction does it catalyze) |
Acetyl CoA adds to 2C to oxaloacetate (which enzyme) |
|
CoA - SH (when is it released?) |
Step 1 of citric acid cycle ( What is it released?) |
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Aconitase (What does it catalyze?) |
Citrate to Isocitrate {isomers} (Catalyzed by what enzyme?) |
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Isocitrate dehydrogenase (what reaction does it catalyze?) |
Isocitrate oxidized NAD + reduced to NADH (catalyzed by what? |
|
a-ketglutarate (product of what?) |
Step 3 of calvin cycle (produces what?) |
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a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (catalyzes what?) |
a-ketogkutarate loses 1 CO2, NAD+ reduced to NADH, remaining molecues attached to CoA-SH (catalyzed by what?) |
|
succinyl-CoA synthetase (catalyzes what?) |
CoA displaced by PO4, PO4 transferred to GDP, GDP -> GTP -> transfers PO4 to ADP = ATP (catalyzed by what?) |
|
Succinate (formed when/where) |
Step 5 of Citric Acid cycle (generates what?) |
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Succinic dehydrogenase (Catalyzes what?) |
Succinate oxidized : 2H to FAD = FADH2 {fumarate} (catalyzed by what?) |
|
FAD (what does it stand for?) |
Flavin Adenin Dinucleotide (Acronym?) |
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Fumarase (catalyzes what?) |
Fumarate + H20 = malate |
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Malate Dehydrogenase (Catalyzes what?) |
Malate oxidized, NAD+ -> NADH = oxaloacetate (catalyzed by what) |
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NAD+ reduced to NADH (& an H+) + 1 CO2 lost (what step of krebs cycle) |
Step 3 (What happens) |
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NAD+ reduced to NADH & H+, CO2 released, CoA-SH used (What step of Krebs cycle?) |
Step 4 (what intermediaries are released/transformed/used in this step of the krebs cycle) |
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CoA-SH produced, Phosphate group used (What step of the krebs cycle) |
Step 5 of the Krebs cycle (what intermediaries are produced/released) |
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How many CO2 molecules are generated per turn of the citric acid cycle |
2 CO2 molecules (generated per one turn of what cycle?) |
|
Oxidoreductases (What do they do?) |
Catalyzes transfer of electrons from one molecule (What type of enzyme is this?) |
|
Transferases (What do they do?) |
Enact the transfer of specific functional groups from one molecule (What Enzyme is this?) |
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Hydrolases (What do they do?) |
Catalyses hydrolysis of a substrate (What Enzyme does this?) |
|
Lyases (What do they do?) |
Catalyses breaking of various chemical bonds by means other than hydrolysis or oxidation (What Enzyme is this?) |
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Isomerases (What do they do?) |
Catalyzes conversion of a compound to an isomer (What Enzyme is this?) |
|
Ligases (What do they do?) |
Catalyze joining of two large molecules by forming a new bond, usually accompanying hydrolysis (What enzyme does this?) |
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Kinases (What do they do?) |
Catalyzes transfer of phosphate groups from high-energy phosphate-donating molecules to specific substrates (What enzyme does this?) |
|
Dehydrogenases (What do they do?) |
Catalyze removal of hydrogen atoms from a molecule (What enzyme does this?) |
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In what form is the energy extracted from food found as? |
ATP -> directly available NADH//FADH2 -> electron carriers, contains most of the energy (What role do these molecules have? What do they store?) |
|
NADH//FADH2 (What is their role?) |
Donate electrons to ETC, powers ATP synthesis via oxidative phosphorylation |
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Where is the ETC located? |
Inner membrane (cristae) of mitochondrion (what is located here?) |
|
What are the components of the ETC? |
Proteins arranged in multiprotein complexes I-IV, Cytochromes, Ubiquinone (Components of what?) |
|
What is the function of the ETC? |
Break large free energy drop from food to O2 into smaller steps that release energy in manageable amounts (Function of what?) |
|
Chemiosmosis (What is it?) |
Use of energy in H+ gradient to drive cellular work (What is the name for this?) |
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How much ATP can be made with 1 NADH |
2.5 ATP (Generated with what molecule?) |
|
How much ATP can be made with one FADH2 |
1.5 ATP (Generated with what molecule?) |
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Fats digested as glycerol are used for what part of cell. respiration? |
Glycolysis |
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What do fats digested as fatty acids generate through beta-oxidation?
|
Acetyl CoA (Generated by what molecules through beta-oxidation?) |
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How much ATP does an oxidized gram of fat yield? |
2 ATP (generate by an oxidized gram of what?) |
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What does one Beta-Oxidation cycle generate? |
1 NADH, 1 FADH2 & 1 acetyl CoA (generated by one cycle of which process?) ` |
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How much ATP does the oxidation of ATP yield?
|
16.5 to 18.5 ATP (Generated by which process?) |
|
Which amino acids are not glucogenic? |
Leucine & Lysine (What characterizes these two amino acids?) |
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What are the two Ketone bodies that are converted to Acetyl-CoA & used as a source of energy for brain&heart |
Acetoacetic acid and beta-hydrobutyric acid (used for what?) |
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What are the two things that inhibit phosphofructokinase? |
ATP and Citrate (Inhibit what?) |
|
What stimulates phosphofructokinase? |
AMP concentration |
|
What happens during periods of low energy demand? |
Excess ATP used to convert creatine to phosphocreatine (Happens when?) |
|
What happens during periods of high energy demand? |
Phospocreatine anaerobically donates a phosphate group to ADP to form ATP (Happens when?) |
|
How does the Phosphagen system generate ATP? |
Creatine Kinase transfers P from creatine phosphate to ADP (What energy system is this?) |
|
What are a few alternatives to O2 as final electron acceptor? |
Sulfur, Nitrate, CO2, inorganic metals (used as what in prokaryotes?) |
|
Methanogens (what do they do?) |
Create Methane, CO2 reduced to CH4 (Who does this?) |
|
Sulfur bacteria (What do they do?) |
SO4 is reduced to hydrogen sulfide (H2) (Who does this?) |
|
Sulfate-reducing bacteria (What can they do?) |
Anaerobically oxidize methane formed by methanogens, oxidize organic compounds or molecular hydrogen while reducing sulfate to hydrogen sulfide (Who does this?) |
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Alcohol Fermentation (What Happens?) |
Pyruvate converted to Ethanol in two steps, CO2 and NAD+ produced (What process is this?) |
|
Lactic Acid Fermentation (What happens?) |
Pyruvate reduced by NADH, lactate formed (ionized lactic acid) |
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How much ATP per glucose does lactic acid fermentation produce? |
2 ATP/Glucose (what process produces this many ATP/Glucose) |
|
Converts lactate to pyruvate |
Lactate Dehydrogenase (converts what to what?) |
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Final electron acceptors in fermentation? |
Pyruvate or Acetaldehyde (what role in fermentation?) |
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What organism is responsible for most of the photosynthetic activity on earth? |
Unicellular Algae (responsible for what?) |
|
Purple Sulfur Bacteria (What are they?) |
Anaerobic/Photosynthetic bacteria (What are they called?) |
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Where are chloroplasts found? |
Mesophyl cells in interior tissue of the leaf (What is found here?) |
|
How many Chloroplasts are found in a Mesophyl? |
30-40 Chloroplasts (found where?) |
|
Stromata (What are they?) |
Pores in leaf (What are they called?) |
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Why is photosynthesis a redox process?
|
H20 is oxidized & CO2 is reduced (Describes what process?) |
|
What happens during the light reactions of photosynthesis? |
light energy transformed in Chemical energy (Occurs in which part of photosynthesis?) |
|
What are the results of the light reactions? |
H20 split, O2 released, NADP+ to NADPH, ATP from ADP (results of what part of photosynthesis?) |
|
What are the results of the Calvin Cycle? |
Sugar formed, CO2 formed, ATP&NADPH used (results of what part of photosynthesis?) |
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What does the Calvin Cycle begin with? |
Carbon fixation (beginning of which part of Photosynthesis?) |
|
Accessory Pigments (What are they called?) |
Carotenoids, Chlorophyl II b (What are these?) |
|
Action Spectrum (What is it?) |
Relative Effectiveness of different wavelengths in driving photoshyntesis (What is the word for this?) |
|
Photosystem I (what wavelength?) |
700nm (Which Photosystem has this wavelength?) |
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Photosystem II (What wavelength?) |
680nm (Which Photosystem has this wavelength?) |
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Photosystem (What is it?) |
reaction-center complexes (protein complex) surrounded by light harvesting complexes (What is this called?) |
|
Light harvesting complexes (What are they?) |
Pigment molecules bound to proteins (What is the word for this?) |
|
Light harvesting complexes (What do they do?) |
Funnel energy of photons to reaction center (What complexes fulfill this role?) |
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What is the first step of the light reactions? |
Solar-Powered transfer of electrons from chlorophyll a to primary electron acceptor (What step of which part of photosynthesis is this?) |
|
Which Photosystem happens first? |
Photosystem II (happens first or second?) |
|
What are the two possible routes for electron flow during the light reactions? |
Linear Electron flow & Cyclic Electron flow |
|
What is the primary pathway that involves both photosystems and produces ATP//NADPH? |
Linear Electron flow (what characterizes this pathway?) |
|
Linear Electron flow step 1 (What happens?) |
Photon hits a pigment in light-harvesting complex of Ps II, energy passes among pigment molecules until it excites P680 pair of chlorophyll a |
|
Linear Electron flow step 2 (What happens?) |
excited electron from P680 is transferred to primary electron acceptor (Phaephytin) and P680 becomes P680+ |
|
Phaephytin (What is it?) |
Chlorphyll a without Mg 2+ (What is it?) |
|
Linear Electron flow step 3(What happens?) |
Enzyme catalyzes splitting of water, e transferred one by one to P680+ , two Os combine, 2 H+ released |
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Linear Electron flow step 4 (What happens?) |
Photoexited electron passes from primary electron acceptor of PSII to PSI via electron transport chain |
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What is the ETC in linear electron flow made of |
Plastoquinone, Cytochrome Complex, Plastocyanin |
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Linear Electron flow step 5 (What Happens?) |
Fall of electron is used to pump protons across thylakoid membrane, used in Chemiosmosis |
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Linear Electron flow step 6 (What Happens?) |
Process from PS2 repeated in PS1, energy passed among pigment molecules until it excites P700 |
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Linear Electron flow step 7 (What Happens?) |
Photoexcited electron passes from primary electron acceptor of PSI down a second electron transport chain through ferredoxin (Fd), does not create proton gradient |
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Linear Electron flow step 8 (What Happens?) |
NADP reductase transfers electrons from Fd to NADP+ = NADPH, used in calvin cycle |
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What photosystem is used by cyclic electron flow? |
only photosystem I used by cyclic electron flow |
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What is produced and what is not produced by cyclic electron flow? |
ATP produced, NADH and Oxygen not produced |
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What might cyclic electron flow protect cells from? |
Light-induced damage (What protects plants from this?) |
|
Role of Plastoquinone in chemiosmosis in chloroplasts? |
Transfers electron to cytochrome complex |
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What powers ATP synthase in Chloroplasts? |
Diffusion of H+ from thylakoid space to stroma (down concentration gradient)_ |
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What does the Calvin Cycle use to convert CO2 to sugar |
ATP & NADPH (used to do what in the calvin cycle?) |
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What does the calvin cycle use to build G3P
|
Smaller molecules using ATP & reducing power of electrons carried by NADPH (What is built using this?) |
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How many times must the carbon cycle take place for 1 G3P to be produced |
Three times (What cycle must take place this many times for 1 G3P to be produced?) |
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How much CO2 molecules need to be fixed by the calvin cycle in order for one G3P to be produced? |
3 CO2 molecules (produced by 3 turns of what cycle?) |
|
3 phases of Calvin Cycle? |
Carbon Fixation, Reduction, Regeneration of RuBP (CO2 acceptor) (3 phases of which cycle?) |
|
RUBISCO (What does it stand for?) |
Ribulose Bisphosphate Carboxylase Oxidase |
|
Result of CO2 being attached to RuBP |
Short-lived GC intermediate followed by 3-phosphoglycerate (Result of What?) |
|
Result of phosphorylation of 3-phosphoglycerate by ATP |
1-3 bisphosphoglycerate (result of what?) |
|
Result of reduction of 1-3 bisphosphoglycerate by NADPH |
ATP (result of reduction of what molecule by NADPH in calvin cycle?) |
|
Product of re-arrangement of Carbon skeleton of 5 G3P |
3 RuBP (15 carbon total) (Product of what?) |
|
Required for the synthesis of 1 G3P by Calvin Cycle |
3x cycle, 9ATP, 6NADPH (required for synthesis of what?) |
|
two enzymatic activities of Rubisco |
Carboxylation and Photorespiration (Enzymatic activies of which enzyme?) |
|
Carboxylation (Favored When?) |
Favored under normal conditions (Which enzymatic activity is?) |
|
Photorespiration (Favored When?) |
Favoured when stoma are closed in hot conditions |
|
Advantages/Disadvantages of Photorespiration? |
allows nitrate assimilation from soil, reduces free radicals, can drain as much as 50% of carbon fixed by calvin cycle |
|
Photorespiration vs. Carboxylation? |
O2 added to RuBP instead of CO2, O2 consumed & CO2 released without producing ATP/sugar |
|
How much does Photorespiration cost? |
1 NADPH + 1 ATP/Cycle (Cost of what process?) |
|
C3 carbon fixation (what is it?) |
fix carbon using only C3 photosynthesis (Calvin Cycle) (What is the name for this?) |
|
How does C4 carbon fixation minimize the cost of photorespiration? |
By incorporating CO2 in 4 carbon cmpds in mesophyll cells (Which type of carbon fixation accomplishes what?) |
|
Where are the 4-carbon compounds from C4 fixation exported |
Bundle-Sheath cells (What compound from C4 fixation is exported here?) |
|
Which enzyme does C4 fixation require? |
PEP Carboxylase (required by what kind of carbon fixation?) |
|
How many extra ATPs are required by C4 fixation as compared to the carbon cycle? |
12 extra ATPs required (required by what kind of carbon fixation?) |
|
Type of separation for CAM plants? |
Temporal Separation (separation for which type of plants?) |
|
How many H+ through membrane with NADH? |
10 H+ |
|
How many H+ through membrane with FADH2 |
6 H+ |
|
How much H+ through ATP synthase for 1 ATP? |
4H+ |
|
What is Metabolism? |
The total sum of annabolic and Catabolic reactions |
|
What are the two types of Metabolic Pathways? |
Catabolic & Anabolic Pathways |
|
Catabolic Pathways (what are they?) |
Release energy, breakdown complex molecules |
|
Catabolic Pathway (example)
|
Cellular Respiration |
|
Annabolic Pathway (what is it?) |
Consumes energy to build complex molecule from simpler ones |
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Annabolic Pathway (example?)
|
synthesis of proteins
|
|
First law of thermodynamics (what is it?) |
Energy of the universe is constant |
|
2nd law of thermodynamics (what is it?) |
In every energy transfer or transformation, some energy is unusable |
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In what case do chemical reactions occur spontaneously? |
When they increase the entropy of the universe
|
|
How can entropy in an organism be increased? |
More complex structures can be created |
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What is energy?
|
The capacity to cause change
|
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What is a living system's free energy? |
Energy that can do work when pressure and temperature are uniform |
|
Which processes are spontaneous? |
Processes with a negative change in free energy |
|
Endergonic (characteristics?) |
Products have more free energy than reactants, Not spontaneous |
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Exergonic (characteristics?) |
Products have less free energy than reactants, spontaneous
|
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How does the amount of free energy affect stability? |
More free energy = less stable, less free energy = more stable
|
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Energy Coupling (what is it?) |
Use of an exergonic process to drive an endergonic one |
|
Mediates energy coupling in cells
|
ATP
|
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What is ATP made up of? |
Ribose sugar, Adenine nitrogenous base, 3 phosphate groups |
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Is ATP hydrolysis exergonic or endergonic |
exergonic |
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How does ATP drive endergonic rxn? |
by phosphorylation |
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What is phosphorylation? |
Transfer of a phosphate group to some other molecule |
|
How can the active site of an enzyme lower an EA barrier? |
By orienting substrate correctly, straining substrate bonds, providing favorable microenvironment, and covalently bonding to the substrate |
|
Apoenzyme (what is it?) |
Protein Portion, inactive |
|
Holoenzyme (what is it?) |
Whole Enzyme (active) |
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Why is cellular respiration a redox process?
|
Hydrogen with electrons is transferred from glucose to oxygen , energy released |
|
Essentially, what is cellular respiration? |
Gradual oxidization of glucose
|
|
NAD+ (what does it do?) |
Harnesses potential energy by capturing electrons |
|
What does NAD+ become after it captures electrons? |
NADH |
|
NADH (what does it do?) |
transfers electrons to ETC |
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Where does glycolysis take place? |
In the cytoplasm |
|
What process forms most of the ATP? |
Oxidative phosphorylation |
|
Substrate-level phosphorylation (what does it do?)
|
forms small amount of ATP in glycolysis and citric acid cycle |
|
Glycolysis (what are the two major phases?) |
Energy investment phase & energy payoff phase |
|
Step 1 (EIP) |
Glucose enters cell, Glucose-6-phosphate produced |
|
Step 1 (EIP) [what enzyme?] |
Hexokinase |
|
Step 1 (EIP) [what is invested?]
|
1 ATP |
|
Step 2 (EIP) |
Glucose-6-phosphate to fructose-6-phosphate
|
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Step 2 (EIP) [What enzyme] |
Phosphoglucoisomerase |
|
Step 3 (EIP) |
Fructose-6-phosphate phosphorylated to fructose 1,6-bisphosphate |
|
Step 3 (EIP) [What enzyme?] |
Phosphofructokinase |
|
Step 3 (EIP) [What is invested?] |
1 ATP |
|
How is phosphofructokinase regulated |
regulated allosterically by ATP & its products
|
|
Step 4 (EIP)
|
Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate cleaved to dihydroxyacetone phosphate + glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate |
|
Step 4 (EIP) [what enzyme?]
|
Aldolase |
|
Step 5 (EIP) |
Conversion between G3P and Dihydroxyacetone phosphate |
|
Step 5 (EIP) [What enzyme?]
|
Isomerase |
|
Step 5 (EIP) [In which direction is the reaction pulled?] |
Reaction pulled in direction of G3P
|
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Energy Payoff phase (what is the net product?) |
2 G3P
|
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Step 6 (EPP) |
G3P to 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate |
|
Step 6 (EPP) [What are the two reactions] |
G3P oxidized (e/H+ transferred NAD+ -> NADH), Energy released to attach phosphate to oxidized substrate |
|
Step 6 (EPP) [What enzyme?]
|
Triose phosphate dehydrogenase |
|
Step 6 (EPP) [transfer of e/H+ to NAD+ exergonic or endergonic?]
|
Exergonic |
|
Step 6 (EPP) [Intermediaries?) |
2 NAD+ to 2NADH + 2H+ & 2 phosphate groups release |
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Step 7 (EPP)
|
1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate to 3-phosphoglycerate |
|
Step 7 (EPP) [What Enzyme?] |
Phosphoglycero-kinase |
|
Step 7 (EPP) [Intermediaries] |
2 ATP produced, (2 ATP/glucose invested) |
|
What reaction involving ATP happens in Step 7 of glycolysis |
Exergonic reaction; PO4 added to ADP to make ATP |
|
Where does the energy for adding PO4 to ADP come from
|
Energy comes from oxidation of sugar in Step 6 |
|
Step 8 (EPP) |
PO4 relocated on 3-phosphoglycerate to obtain 2-phosphoglycerate |
|
Step 8 (EPP) [What enzyme?] |
Phosphoglyceromutase |
|
Step 9 (EPP) |
Double bond formed in 2-phosphoglycerate to form PEP & H2O |
|
Step 9 (EPP) [What enzyme?] |
Enolase |
|
Step 10 (EPP) |
PEP to Pyruvate |
|
Step 10 (EPP) [What enzyme?]
|
Pyruvate Kinase |
|
Step 10 (EPP) [Intermediaries?] |
PO4 transferred from PEP to ADP -> ATP |
|
Net yield of glycolysis? |
2 ATP/Glucose + 2 NADH/glucose |
|
What will the pyruvate produced in glycolysis be used for? |
Citric acid cycle (if oxygen present) or fermentation (if oxygen not present) |
|
When does Substrate-level phosphorylation happen in Glycolysis |
Steps 7&10 |
|
Phosphorylated by Hexokinase |
Glucose |
|
converted to isomer by phosphogluco-isomerase
|
Glucose-6-phosphate |
|
Phosphorylated by phosphofructokinase |
Fructose-6-phosphated |
|
Cleaved by Aldolase |
Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate |
|
Isomerase catalyzes conversion between which two isomers? |
G3P & Dihydroxyacetone phosphate |
|
Converted to 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate by Triose Phosphate Dehydrogenase |
G3P
|
|
Converted to 3-Phosphoglycerate by Phosphoglycerokinase |
1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate |
|
Converted to 2-Phosphoglycerate by Phosphoglyceromutase |
3-Phosphoglycerate |
|
Converted to PEP by Enolase
|
2-Phosphoglycerate |
|
Converted to Pyruvate by Pyruvate Kinase |
PEP |
|
At what step of Glycolysis is H2O released? |
Step 9 |
|
Why do animals store most of their energy as fats? |
Oxidized gram of fat produces twice as much ATP as an oxidized gram of carbohydrate |
|
What would an 18C fatty acid chain going through beta-oxidation produce? |
8NADH, 8FADH2, 9 acetyl CoA |
|
Oxidation of glycerol (what is invested/what is produced?) |
1 ATP invested, 1 NADH produced |
|
What is formed when FAs are broken down in liver |
ketone bodies |
|
Thylakoid Stacks (what are they called?) |
Grana |
|
Fluid in chloroplasts (what is it called?) |
Stroma |
|
Why is photosynthesis a redox process |
H2O is oxidized and CO2 reduced |
|
What are the two stages of photosynthesis |
light reactions (photo), Calvin Cycle (synthesis) |
|
Action Spectrum (what is it?) |
Profiles relative effectiveness of different wavelengths in driving photosynthesis |
|
What light works best for photosynthesis? |
Violet-blue and red light |
|
When was the action spectrum of photosynthesis first demonstrated? |
In Engelmann's experiment |
|
How was the action spectrum of photosynthesis first demonstrated? |
Exposing algae to different wavelengths , areas receiving wavelengths favorable to photosynthesis produce more O2 |
|
What do sulfate-reducing bacteria do? |
Oxidize organic compounds or molecular hydrogen while reducing sulfate to hydrogen sulfide |
|
Sulfate reduction/Methane oxidation formula |
CH4 + SO4^2- -> HCO3- + HS- + H2O |
|
Basic fermentation equation |
Organic molecule + NADH -> reduced organic molecule + NAD+ |
|
What is acetaldehyde's role in alcohol fermentation? |
Accepts pair of electrons from NADH producing NAD+ and ethanol |
|
Malate-aspartate shuttle (what is its role?) |
NADH generated by fermentation enters matrix through this |
|
What powers ATP synthase in chloroplasts? |
Diffusion of H+ from thylakoid space to stroma (down concentration gradient) |
|
Chemiosmosis in Mitochondria (source of energy?) |
Chemical energy from food to ATP
|
|
Chemiosmosis in Chloroplasts (source of energy?)
|
Light energy into chemical energy of ATP |
|
Spatial organization of chemiosmosis in Mitochondria |
Protons pumped to intermembrane space & diffuse back into mitochondrial matrix |
|
What type of pathway is the calvin cycle? |
Anabolic pathway |
|
In the calvin cycle, what precedes 3-phosphoglycerate? |
6-Carbon intermediate |
|
What is the most abundant protein on earth? |
Rubisco |
|
Hexose Isomerase (what does it do?) |
F6P -> G6P |
|
How much G3P is needed to make one F6P |
2 G3P |
|
Product of attachment of CO2 to RuBP by Rubisco (calvin cycle)
|
3-phosphoglycerate |
|
Product of phosphorylation of 3-phosphoglycerate by ATP (calvin cycle) |
1,3-bisphosphoglycerate |
|
What happens when 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate is reduced by NADPH in the calvin cycle |
PO4 lost, 6 G3P produced, 1 leaves cell, 5 recycled to generate 3 RuBP |
|
How many ATP are dephosphorylated to ADP to re-arrange the carbon skeleton of 5G3P into 3 RuBP |
3 ATP -> 3 ADP |
|
What is the role of a P680 pair of chlorophyll a in linear electron flow
|
P680 becomes P680+ (gives off electron ) and splits H2O |
|
In linear electron flow, what happens after H2O is split |
O combines with O from other splitting to form O2, 2H+ released |
|
In liner electron flow, where does the energy to pump protons across the Thylakoid membrane come from
|
Fall of é from PS II to PS I via ETC |
|
After the splitting of H2O in Linear electron flow, what is the 2H+ released used for? |
Contributes to proton-motive force |
|
What is the role of P700 in Photosystem I |
Becomes P700+, accepts é from ETC |
|
In linear electron flow, what happens after electrons from the ETC are accepted by P700+ |
Pass from primary é acceptor down second transport chain through ferredoxin |
|
At the end of linear electron flow, how is NADPH generated? |
NADP+ reductase transfers electrons from Ferredoxin to NADPH |
|
What conditions are created by closed Stoma in plants? |
Low CO2 and high O2 |
|
What can decrease photorespiration rates? |
Increased atmospheric CO2 concentrations |
|
Why does photorespiration cost less in C4 plants? |
PEP has a higher affinity for CO2 than Rubisco
|
|
How is CO2 incorporated into 4 carbon compounds in C4 plants? |
PEP + CO2 -> Oxaloacetate (4C) |
|
2 examples of C4 plants |
Corn and sugarcane |
|
Example of CAM plant |
Pineapple |
|
When do CAM plants open their stomata? |
At night |
|
What is O2 incorporated into in CAM plants? |
organic acids |
|
Gross Primary Productivity (what is it?) |
Amount of Carbon fixed per unit of time in a given area |
|
Net Primary Productivity (what is it?) |
GPP - amount of carbon used in cell. resp. by photosynthetic organisms
|