Bio 101 Ch1&2

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Scientific method is

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A method of research with steps to include experiments and careful observations

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The name of science came from

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The latin scientia meaning knowledge of the natural world

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Basic science or pure science

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Seeks to expand knowledge regardless of the short term applications of that knowledge

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Variable

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Any part of the experiment that can vary or change during the experiment

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Evolution is

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A process of gradual change in population that can lead to new species arising from older species

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Peer review articles are

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Scientific reports that is reviewed by a scientist colleagues before application

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Phylogenetic tree is

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A diagram showing the evolutionary relationships among biologists species based on similarities and differences in generic and physical traits or both

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Scientific theory is

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Generally accepted thoroughly tested and confirmed explanation for a set of observations

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Scientific laws are

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Often expressed in mathematical formulas which will describe how elements of nature will behave under certain conditions

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Physical science is

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A study of nonliving matters including astronomy, physics, and chemistry

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Life science is

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A study od living things including biology

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Applied science or technology is

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Aimed to use science to solve real world problems making it possible

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Hypothesis is

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A suggested explanation for an event which can be tested

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Hypothesis based science is

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a form of logical thinking that uses related observation to arrive at a general conclusion

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Hypothese are

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Generally produced within the context of a scientific theory

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Desriptive science is

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When biologists make observations and records them the data can be quantitative consisting of numbers, raw data, drawings, pictures or video

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Inductive reasoning is

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A form of logical thinking uses related to observations and conclusion based on evidence

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Deductive reasoning is

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A form of logical thinking that uses general principles or law to forecast specific results (climate weather change)

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Falsifiable meaning is

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that it can be disproven by experimental results

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Unfalsifiable meaning is

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Theres no experiment that might show this statement false

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Biology is

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A study of living organisms and there interactions with one another and there environment

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Biosphere is

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A collection of all ecosystems on earth

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Escherichia coli is

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An bacterium thats a resident of our digestive track and sometimes responsible for disease out break

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Ecosystems are

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All living things in a particular area together with the abiotic and nonliving parts of the environment

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Eukaryotes are

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An organism with cells that have nuclei and membrane bound organelle

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Organelle is

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A membrane bound compartment or sac within a cell

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Organisms is

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An individual living entity

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Organ is

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A structure form of tissues together to perform a common function

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Organ system is

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The higher level of organizations that consist of fuctional related organs

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A cell is

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The smallest fundamental unit of structure and function in living cells

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Molecules is

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A chemical structure consisting of atleast two atoms held together by a chemical bond

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Macromolecules is

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a large molecule typically formed by the joining of smaller molecules

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Atom is

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A Basic unit of matter that cannot be broken down by normal chemical reactions

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Tissueis

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A group of simular cells carrying out the same function

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Prokaryotes is

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An unicellular organism lacks a nucleus or any of the membrane bound organelle

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Stromatolites are earths oldest life form theyre green blue algea they're

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Structured along the shore line in shallow water formed by layers of cyanobacteria, cyanobacteria can only be seen by an microscope

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The hierarchy of biological organizations from most complex to the least complex are

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Organ, organism, tissues, organelle and molecule

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Elements are substances that cannot be

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Broken down or transformed chemically into other substances

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A total of 118 elements have been defined, 92 occur naturally, 30 are found in living cells and 26 remaining elements are

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Unstable do not exist very long

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Elements are made of atoms each with a

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Constant number of protons and unique properties

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An atom is the smallest component of an element that

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Retains all the chemical properties of that element

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All organisms are made of a

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Combination of elements

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In multicellular organisms such as animals molecules can

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Interact to form cells that combines to form tissue which makes up organs

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All atoms contains

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Protons, neutrons and electrons

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The neutrons like protons reside in the nucleus of an atom the neutrons has

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No charge protons have a positive charge and electrons have a negative charge each balances each other

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Isotopes are different forms of the same elements that

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Have the same number of protons but have a different number of neutrons

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The periodic table of elements is a

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Chart of elements that includes number relative atomic mass of each elements

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Carbon, potassium, and uranium have

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Naturally occurring isotopes

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Carbon 12 is the most common isotope it contains

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6 Protons and 6 neutrons

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Cardon 14 contains

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6 Protons and 8 neutrons

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Some isotopes are Unstable and will lose protons or other subatomic particles or energy to form

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A more stable elements which is called radioactive isotope

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14C is reated as a living organisms in the body and is equal

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To the concentration in the atmosphere

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After 5,730 years 14C will deline and it will decay to Nitrogen 14 this process is

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Called beta decay which gives of energy in this slow process

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The time it takes for the original concentration of isotope to

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Decay to its stable form is called its half life

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14C half life is long its used to

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Age living objects such as fossils

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Fossils can be calculated to about 50,000 years isotopes with half lives and potassium 40 are

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Used to calculate the age of older fossils

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Through use of carbon dating scientists can

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Reconstruct the ecology and biogeography of organisms living

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Covalent bonds form between the elements that make up the

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Biological molecules in our cells unlike ionic bonds covalent bonds do not dissociate in water

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Covalent bonds is a strong chemical bond between two or more

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Atoms these bonds form when electrons is shared between two elements

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Hydrogen and oxygen atoms that combine to form water molecules are

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Bound together by covalent bond

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Hydrogen and helium are the only two elements that have the lowest shell

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Electrons hydrogen has one electrons helium has two elements

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Chemical bond is when atoms of two or more of the same or different elements in a formation of molecules for

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Stability and completely fill their outer shell with electrons by sharing them

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An ion is

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When an atom doesnt contain equal numbers of protons and electrons

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Cations is when

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Positive ions are formed by losing electrons negative ions are formed by gaining electrons

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An electron tranfer is when

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Atoms donates its one electron to empty it shell another atom will accept the electron to complete their shell

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Van der waals interactions are

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Weak attractions or interactions between molecules

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Van der waals are caused by

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Temporary partial charges form when electrons move around nucleus

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When a substance readily forms hydrogen bonds with water it can

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Dissolve in water and is referred as hydrophilic hydrogen bond

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Hydrogen bond in water allows it to

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Absorb and release heat energy more slowly than other substances

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As energy heat continues balance between hydrogen bonds swings toward destruction side more bonds are

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Broken down than are formed this process is called evaporation

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Evaporation of sweat (which is 90% water) allows for cooling of an organism and

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Takes heat away from the body

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As molecules motion decreases and temperature drop less energy is present to break the hydrogen bonds between water molecules the bonds remain

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Intact and begin to form rigid lattace like substances

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The molecules are

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Further appart which makes it less dense than freely flowing molecules

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Solvent is when

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A substance are capable of dissolving another substances

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Incohesive water molecules are attracted to eachother (cause of hydrogen bonding) keeping

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The molecules together at a liquid air interface although there is no more room (water top of a glass)

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Cohesive and surface tension keeps

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The water molecules intact and items floating on the top (ice in a glass)

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Adhesive or attractions between

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Water molecules and other molecules(water climbs up a straw in a glass)

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Litmus paper is used

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As a PH indicator to test how much acid exists in a solution

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More hydrogen ions present the

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Lower the PH the fewer hydrogen ions the higher PH

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PH scale ranges from 0-14 pure water is neutral has a PH of 7.0 anything from

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0.0 to 6.9 is acidic and anything from 7.1 to 14.0 is alkaline

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Cells range from 7.2 to 7.6 if PH is outside range

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The bodies respiratory system malfunction, cells nolonger function properly and protien will break down outside PH range can induce coma or even cause death

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Buffers absorb excess H+ or OH- keeping the PH maintained carbon dioxide is

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Part if the buffer system and keeps it maintained

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Large molecules are necessary for life they are

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Built from smaller organic molecules are called biological

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Carbonhydrates provide

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Energy to the body through glucose

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Carbonhydrates formula CH20, the radio of carbon to hydrogen to oxygen is

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1:2:1 in carbonhydrates molecule

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Carbonhydrates are classified in three subtypes

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Monoasccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharide

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Monoasccharides are glucose sugars the number of carbon atoms range from

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3-6 and are formed in a ring chain structure

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Monoasccharides molecules are

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Triose- 3 carbon atoms

pentoses- 5 carbon atoms

Hexose- 6 carbon atoms

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Chemical formula for glucose is

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C6 H12 O6 glucose is important source of energy

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Galactose (part of lactose or mulk sugars) and fructose (found in friut) have

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The same chemical formula but they different structurly

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Disaccharides form when Monoasccharides under go a dehydration reaction, the reaction in which the removal of water molecules occurs

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During the process of the hydroxyl group-OH

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One Monoasccharides combine with a hydrogen atom of another Monoasccharides releasing

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A molecules of water H2O and forming covalent bond between atoms and two sugar molecules

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Common disaccharides include

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Lactose, maltose and sucrose

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A long chain of Monoasccharides linked by

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Covalent bonds is known as polysaccharide

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A large molecules of starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin, are

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All forms of polysaccharide

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Starch is the stored form of

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Sugars in plants both polymers and glucose

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The starch is consumed by animals they're broken down into

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Smaller molecules as glucose and then the cells can then absorb the glucose

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Glycogen is the

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Storage form of glucose in humans and us made od monomers and glucose

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Glycogen is highly branched molecule stored in the

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Liver and muscle cells wheb glucose levels decrease glycogen is broken diwb to release glucose

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Cellulose is the

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Cells abd walls of plants which provides structural support to the cells (woid and paper are mostly cellulose)

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Narure cellulose is made up of glucose, monomers that are linked by

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Bonds between particular carbon atoms in glucose molecules