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71 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Carbohydrates |
Made from carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen Primarily fuels Form structure |
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Lipids |
Made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen Fats-store energy Lipids-regulate hormones Phospholipids-helps cell membranes |
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Proteins |
Made of amino acids Building blocks for growth and development |
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Nucleic Acids |
DNA or RNA Stores genetic information |
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List the 4 macromolecules of life. Where do most of these come from? Describe the general structure and function of each of these macromolecules. |
Carbohydrates are energy Lipids: Fats store energy, Lipids regulate hormones, and Phospholipids help form cell membrane Proteins are made of amino acids and are the building blocks of life Nucleic acids: DNA or RNA store genetic information
All are created by smaller building blocks or subunits. |
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Contrast the amount of energy stored in carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. How does this explain the way we store excess calories on our bodies? |
Lipids store 2x more every than carbs or proteins. We turn glucose (most important carb) and excess energy into fats |
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Many foods, such as potatoes, contain starch which is a polysaccharide. How does the release of energy from starch differ from that of glucose, a monosaccharide? |
A polysaccharide has more sugar molecules which takes more energy to break down |
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Some carbohydrates are not digestible but is still important for humans to consume them. Name one such carbohydrate and why is it an important dietary component? |
Fiber It's "roughage" cleans our colons which helps prevent and reduce colon cancer Also helps with digestion |
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Distinguish the structure and function of the 3 types of lipids. |
Fats store energy Sterols regulate hormones (like estrogen and testosterone) Phospholipids are a major component of cell membranes and controls the flow of chemicals in and out of the cell |
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Contrast saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. Which are better for consumption and why? What are trans fats? Compare them to saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. Now which is worse? |
Saturated fats have two hydrogen atoms Unsaturated fats have one hydrogen atom Trans fats have hydrogen atoms added which makes the fats straighter which makes them easier to pack together Trans fats are the worst for you, then saturated fats, and unsaturated fats are the best. |
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Even though you consume proteins and proteins are made of amino acids, you find out that you are missing some amino acids from your diet. What are these amino acids? |
There are 20 different amino acids, and you obtain 9 of them from your diet The rest of them, your body makes |
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Differentiate the 4 levels of protein structure. Why is protein structure important? |
Primary structure- the sequence of amino acids Secondary structure- bonding between non-neighboring amino acids Tertiary structure- folding and bending of the secondary structure Quaternary structure- two or more polypeptide chains held together by bonds between the amino acids on different chains
Protein functions are influenced by their shape |
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When someone gets a perm, the chemicals in the perm act on the protein in the hair. What is this perm doing to these proteins? |
Denaturing them. (Through heat or pH) It disrupts protein shape and function by breaking them down |
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What are the 3 differences between DNA and RNA? |
The sugar molecule of the sugar-phosphate backbone RNA is single stranded In RNA, Uracil (U) replaces Thymine (T) |
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Classify each of these as one of the 4 types of macromolecules: starch, fiber, RNA, an enzyme, cell membranes. |
Carbs-starch and fiber Lipids (phospholipids)- cell membranes Proteins- enzymes Nucleic acids- RNA |
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Which of the following is NOT a fate for glucose in your body? |
A. Fuels cellular activity B. Stored temporarily as glycogen C. Converted to fat D. Broken down into a simpler monosaccharide |
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DNA is made of |
A. Glucose molecules B. Nucleotides C. Triglycerides D. Amino acids |
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The silk of a spider's web is remarkably strong and its tensile strength is comparable to that of steel. Spider silk is a |
A. Carbohydrate B. Non-carbon containing molecule C. Protein D. Lipid |
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What is a cell and what are the two general types of cell? |
Smallest unit of life Eukaryotes and prokaryotes |
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Differentiate into which of the 3 domains organisms belong |
Bacteria Archaea Eukarya |
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Describe 9 important components in eukaryotic cells |
Nucleus Mitochondria Cytoskeleton Lysosomes Rough er Smooth er Golgi apparatus Cilia Ribosomes Plant as have chloroplasts and vacuoles |
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Diagram the pathway of a protein or lipid to its final destination |
Protein in the rough er (lipids in the smooth er) vesicles to Golgi, Golgi processes protein or lipid, vesicles to cell membrane |
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Distinguish between plant and animal cells |
Plants have cell walls, chloroplasts, and vacuoles |
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What two facts form the foundations of the cell theory? |
All living organisms are made up with one or more cells, all cells arise from other pre-existing cells |
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Distinguish prokaryote cells from eukaryote cells including the characteristics/structures of each |
Eukaryote cells are 10-20 times larger than prokaryotes Eukaryotes have nucleus and contain organelles Prokaryotes only have nucleic region, cytoplasm, plasma membrane, DNA, ribosomes, and flagella Eukaryotes have that, except cilia instead of flagella |
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Give examples of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and distinguish in which each domain belongs |
Bacteria is a prokaryote and belongs in Bacteria (oldest domain). Prokaryotes can also belong in Archaea which live in extreme environments. Plants and animal cells are eukaryotes and belong in Eukarya |
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Are prokaryotes structurally simpler than eukaryotes? Are they physiologically/functionally simpler? How does the size of prokaryotes compare to that of eukaryotes? |
Prokaryotes are evolutionarily older and structurally simpler, but they have nearly identical functions as eukaryotes. They are much smaller than eukaryotes. |
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What is the advantage of compartmentalization in eukaryotic cells? |
They have their own structures and functions |
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Know the basic structure and function of the following structures and organelles: |
Nucleus- has a nuclear membrane (two perforated bilayers), chromatin (DNA and protein), Nucleolus (makes ribosomes) and is the control center Endoplasmic Reticulum- RER vs. SER- RER has ribosomes and makes proteins, SER doesn't have ribosomes and synthesizes lipids and detoxifies molecules Ribosomes- makes proteins Golgi Complex- makes carbs, processes proteins and lipids for transport Lysosomes- recycle and dispose of materials Mitochondria- produce energy (powerhouse of the cell) Chloroplasts- plant cell's power plant, site of photosynthesis Central Vacuole- storage for nutrients, waste, poison materials, pigments, and is physical support Cell Wall- provides additional protection and support for plant cells Cytoskeleton- infrastructure and transport (inner scaffolding, shape and support, controls traffic flow, enables movement) Flagella vs. Cilia- cilia moves fluid in cell, flagella moves entire cell Nucleolus- assembles ribosomes |
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What are the three chief purposes of the cytoskeleton? |
Acts as inner scaffolding, provides shape and support, controls intracellular traffic control, and enables movement |
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Why do human fat cells possess very few mitochondria, while human muscle cells can possess as many as 2,000 mitochondria? |
Muscle cells need lots of energy |
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What are the five key functions of plant vacuoles? |
Stores nutrients, retains and degrades waste products, accumulates poisonous materials, contains pigments that attract bids and insects to help plant reproduce, provides physical support |
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What is the main function of chloroplasts? |
Site of photosynthesis--is the conversion of light energy to chemical energy |
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What is endosymbiosis? What is the significance of some organelles having double membranes and their own DNA? |
The theory that prokaryotes joined together to make a eukaryote.
It's proof that those organelles used to be prokaryotes |
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Trace the production of a protein from its blueprint form in the nucleus to its release from the cell. |
Transcription in the nucleus, translation in the ribosome, protein moves from RER to Golgi, Golgi processes protein, then protein moves in a vesicle to a cell membrane |
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Which one of the following is NOT found in prokaryotic cells? |
A. DNA B. Ribosomes C. A cell wall D. Nucleus |
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Remember the phylogenetic tree of all living things. Which type of living things developed most recently on earth? |
A. Eukarya B. Archaea C. Bacteria |
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_______is to mitochondria and chloroplasts as _____is to other organelles |
A. Cell theory; invagination theory B. Invagination theory; endosymbiosis theory C. Invagination theory; cell theory D. Endosymbiosis theory; cell theory E. Endosymbiosis theory; invagination theory |
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Which of the following organelles is NOT found in both plant and animal cells? |
A. Mitochondria B. Lysosomes C. Central vacuole D. Smooth er E. Golgi |
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Given that a cell's structure reflects its function, what would you predict the function of a cell with a large Golgi would be? |
A. Attachment to the bone tissue B. Movement C. Transport of chemical signals D. Rapid replication of genetic material E. Coordination of cell division |
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Describe the properties of enzymes |
An enzyme is a protein |
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Discuss how enzymes are involved in metabolism by distinguishing catabolism and anabolism |
Enzymes speed up reactions and metabolism relies on enzymes to release energy. Catabolism breaks down molecules into smaller units and release energy. Anabolism constructs molecules from smaller units and uses energy. |
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How does the structure of plasma membranes maintain the internal environment of the cells while still allowing some molecules to move across, |
Has molecules and proteins embedded into the plasma membrane which helps it receptor, recognize, transport, and make enzymatic reactions |
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List the 3 properties of enzymes. What type of macromolecules are most enzymes? |
Specific Sensitive to environmental conditions Reusable
Most enzymes are proteins |
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Explain how temperature, pH and inhibitors can affect enzyme activity. |
High temperature and pH can denature proteins Inhibitors stop enzyme activity (disrupts protein folding) |
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Explain the roles of anabolic and catabolic pathways in metabolism. |
Catabolic pathways break down molecules into smaller units and release energy. Anabolic pathways build molecules from smaller units and use energy. |
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What is the arrangement of phospholipids in the cell membrane, why are they arranged in this manner, |
Hydrophilic head connected to hydrophobic tails. Hydrophobic tails face each other.
It keeps a stable relationship between the water inside and outside of the cell |
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What macromolecules is responsible for most of the functions of the plasma membrane? What are the 4 main types of these macromolecules and their functions? |
Proteins.
Receptor- binds to external chemicals to regulate processes in the cell Recognition- provides "fingerprints" for a cell so it can be recognized by other cells Transport- is a passageway for molecules to travel in and out of the cell Enzymatic- accelerate intracellular and extracellular reactions on the plasma membrane |
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How does your immune system tell the difference between your own cells and foreign cells such as bacteria? |
It has fingerprints for each cell made by recognition proteins |
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Most enzymes can do many different types of reactions; they are multi-purpose tools |
A. True B. False |
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To make lab equipment sterile (free of bacteria and fungi) it is often heated to high temperatures in an oven. Considering what you have learned, why should heat harm the cells? |
A. Heat creates antibiotic so that kill the cells B. Heat makes the cell explode and die C. Heat breaks down the macromolecules so these organisms do not have food D. Heat destroys enzymes so cells can't function |
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Which of the following describes the principal components of the plasma membrane? |
A. Phospholipids, proteins, cholesterol B. Phospholipids, ribosomes, cell wall C. Triglycerides, proteins, cell wall D. Lipoproteins, proteins, cholesterol |
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Describe what DNA is and what it does |
Made of nucleotides and is the blueprint of life |
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Discuss some potential uses of DNA in everyday life including disease treatment, law, paternity testing, etc |
Solve crimes, find genetic disorders Identify bodies |
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Explain the process of gene expression from DNA to the formation of the protein (transcription and translation) |
RNA polymerase in nucleus, creates mRNA strand (transcription)
mRNA strand moves to ribosome, tRNA pairs tRNA's anti-codon to mRNA's codon and amino acid is attached on the tRNA, amino acids get attached fill they make protein (Translation) |
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Describe the structure of DNA. How does the structure of DNA compare and contrast to RNA? |
Double-stranded helix of connected nucleotide bases
RNA is single-stranded and replaces T with U |
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What are the base pairing rules for DNA? RNA? |
C=G, A=T (DNA)
C=G, A=U (RNA) |
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Describe transcription including where it occurs, what is formed, and what enzyme is involved. |
Occurs in nucleus, creates mRNA strand, RNA polymerase is the enzyme involved |
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If you had a gene that read ATTCGCAT, what would be the mRNA transcript? What would be the complementary DNA strand of this original gene? What would be the amino acids encoded, do you determine the amino acids from DNA or mRNA? |
UAAGCGUA for mRNA
TAAGCGTA for DNA
Amino acids would be stop, ala, and Val.
Amino acids are determined by mRNA |
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List the jobs of: |
mRNA- carries the genetic code (messenger) (transcription)
tRNA- carries amino acids to the ribosomes (transfer) (translation)
rRNA- along with proteins, make up the ribosomes |
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Why does DNA have to be transcribed? (Hint: think about the location of the DNA and RNA) |
Because DNA never leaves the nucleus, so it needs a mRNA strand to travel to the ribosomes |
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Describe translation including where it occurs, what is formed and which molecules are involved. |
Occurs in the ribosomes, proteins are formed, and amino acids are involved |
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What is a codon? In the genetic code, what matches to a codon, |
Three-base sequence made of mRNA
tRNA's anticodon matches with a codon |
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Do all organisms have the same genetic code? That is, is it universal? |
The genetic code is shared by all living things |
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Distinguish between a genome, chromosome, and gene. Which is being transcribed and translated into a protein? |
Genome- full set of DNA in an organism Chromosome- smaller, more manageable pieces of DNA strands Genes- sequence of bases that carries information for producing a product.
Genes are transcribed and translated into a protein |
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Which of the following is TRUE of DNA? |
A. It is held in the nucleus of prokaryotic cells B. It is composed of amino acids C. It holds the instructions for making proteins D. All of the above are true E. A & B |
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DNA is considered the universal blueprint of life because all organisms except prokaryotes use DNA to transmit their genetic information to their offspring. |
A. True B. False |
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Fill in the blanks: a specific sequence of nucleotides in DNA is called a ____ and it encodes for _____. |
A. Chromatid; proteins B. Chromosome; RNA C. Chromosome; proteins D. Gene; protein E. Genome; RNA |
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Which of the following is NOT true about translation? |
A. Protein synthesis happens in the cytoplasm B. Ribosomes help in protein synthesis C. DNA molecule carrying information for protein synthesis leaves the nucleus D. mRNA molecule required for translation leaves the nucleus |
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A young man is missing the Nucleolus from all his cells and as a result, he is not able to produce ribosomes. Which of the following processes would NOT be able to occur if ribosomes are absent? (Hint: which of these processes take place in the ribosomes?) |
A. Replication B. Transcription C. Translation D. Mitosis |
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The DNA code is CGT. What mRNA is made from this? |
A. CTA B. ATU C. UCG D. TCU E. GCA |
