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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is a questionnaire? |
A set of standard questions about a topic that is given to all the participants in the survey. |
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What is a Survey? |
A method used for collecting information from a large number of people by asking them questions, either by using a questionnaire or in an interview. |
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What is a Closed Question? |
A question where the possible responses are fixed, often as 'yes' or 'no' options. |
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Advantage of Closed questions. |
-quick and easy to collate |
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Disadvantage of Closed Questions |
-little detail -can't know why they chose response. -may just pick 'sometimes' or 'don't know' most of the time if they don't want to give a definitive answer. |
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What is an Open Question? |
A question where the person answering can give any response they like. |
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Advantage of open question. |
-provide lots of detail. -less frustration than closed. -explains behaviour. |
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Disadvantage of Open Questions. |
-very hard to collate -each response is different so no definite groups -trying to summarise, inidividual responses may be lost. |
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What does Unambiguous mean? |
Something that has only one meaning. Very certain, not vague. |
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What is Ecological validity? |
The results of the investigation can be said to apply to real-life behaviour. They are an accurate account of behaviour in the real world. |
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Advantages of Questionnaires. |
-can be collected quickly. -ethical, people are fully aware they are filling it in and know what the questions are asking. |
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Disadvantages of Questionnaires. |
-no way of checking if responses are true. -could be misleading. |
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What is an interview? |
A method in which a researcher collects data by asking questions directly. |
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What is an Interviewee? |
The person/respondent who answers the questions in an interview. |
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What are the two types of interview? |
-Structured interview -Unstructured interview |
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What is a structured interview? |
An interview in which all questions are pre-set, given in a fixed order and every interviewee is asked the same questions. |
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What is an unstructured interview? |
An interview in which only the first question is set and all other questions are determined by the answers of the interviewee. |
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Advantages of interviews |
-produce large amounts of data -provide information about people's thoughts and feelings that can't be found when observing behaviour. -(structured)can be collated and analysed easily. -(unstructured)detailed and have ecological validity. |
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disadvantage of interview |
-cannot be certain of truth-telling. -may not be accurate. -(structured)lack detail -(structured)may be frustrating -(unstructured)difficult to collate and analyse. |
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What is an Observation study? |
A method of collecting information about behaviour by watching and recording people's actions. (In their normal environment) |
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What is Natural Observation? |
Watching the behaviour of people who are in their usual environment. |
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What are categories of behaviour? |
The separate actions that are recorded as examples of the target behaviour, e.g. Watching for hopping, skipping and running, rather than 'playground behaviour'. |
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Advantages of observational method |
-very high ecological validity. -most sensible way to find out what people really do. -record whole behaviours that people really do. |
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Disadvantages of Observational method |
-can't know why behaviour occurred. -may make a mistake, becoming inaccurate. -people may become aware and change behaviour -unethical, deception -difficult and time-consuming |
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What is Inter-observer reliability? |
When this is high, the records made by more than one observer in a study are considered to be accurate because they match or are very similar to each other. |
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What is the procedure for Inter-observer reliability? |
1. Researcher designs record sheet for observation 2. 2 observers have copy of same sheet and watch same behaviour at same time for the same length of time, recording behaviour on own sheet. 3. At the end, observers compare results. |
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How do you get high IOR and what if it is low? |
IOR is high if they have matching/very similar records. If both are very different, both get discarded as we don't know which was accurate. |
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What are case studies? |
In-depth investigations of an individual, a small group or an organisation. |
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Advantages of case studies |
-provide detailed information about individual. -record behaviour over time so changes are seen. -a disproving case study can encourage researchers to change theory and make it more accurate. |
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Disadvantages of case studies |
-data collected can be very subjective, individual not recalling events or psychologist wrongly interpreting affects accuracy. -cannot be generalised, is unique -ethical issues. |
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What is a relationship? |
A connection between two variables |
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What is a variable? |
A factor or thing that can change - it varies. |
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What is correlation? |
A technique used by researchers to establish the strength of a relationship between two variables. |
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What is a scatter graph? |
A graph for representing correlations. |
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What is positive correlation? |
A relationship between two variables in which, as the value of one variable increases, the value of the other also increases. |
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What is negative correlation? |
A relationship between two variables in which, as the value of one variable increases, the value of the other decreases. |
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What does 'No correlation' mean? |
There is no relationship between the two variables. |
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What is a Prediction? |
A statement about what will happen, made before the event occurs. |
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Advantages of correlations |
-can see if variables are connected in any way. -can be used when impossible/unethical to carry out experiment. |
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Limitations of correlations |
-don't indicate which variable caused the relationship. -needs to be a large amount of data. |
