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62 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Agriculture
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The deliberate tending of crop and livestock to produce food and feed.
Ex. Growing Corn. |
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Animal domestication
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When people started to keep animals for pets and food.
Ex. Domesticated Cows |
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Plant domestication
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When people began to farm a part of a plant
Ex. Strawberry |
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First Agricultural Revolution
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Dating back about 10-12,000 years ago when the development of seed agriculture
Ex. Agriculture on Nile River |
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Second Agricultural Revolution
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The 17th and 18th century; new inventions from the Industrial Revolution helped this.
Ex. Cotton Gin, Steel Plow |
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Long-lot survey
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System that divides land into narrow parcels
Ex. Subdivison of Lots |
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Survey Patterns
Long lots Metes and Bounds Township and Range |
Patterns of land division and survey.
Ex. Metes and bounds survey |
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Metes and bounds survey
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System of land surveying that uses natural features.
Ex. Homes built into Hills |
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Agribusiness
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Transformed farms into corporate-like units
Ex. Tyson Meat Corporation |
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Biotechnology
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The use of genetically engineered crops in agriculture and DNA manipulation in livestock to increase production
Ex. GNO's Gentically enhanced seeds |
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Commercial agriculture
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A type of farming in which farmers produce food for sale
Ex. Commerical produced Dairy |
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Green Revolution
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Revolution that tried to increase production of crops and end global hunger
Ex. World Food Organization |
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Luxury crops
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Crops that need to be grown in suitable environment and needs available labor
Ex. Tabacco |
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Organic agriculture
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Crops produced without pesticides and fertilizers
Ex. Organic Tomatoes |
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Plantation
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Production system where cash crops are grown on large estates
Ex. Southern plantations in U.S during 19th century |
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Crop Rotation
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The rotation of crops as to not exhaust the soil.
Ex. Corn and Soy Bean Rotation in Midwest |
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Agricultural origins
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Transfer from a hunter-gather society into an Agrarian Society around 10,000 years ago in Fertile Crescent.
Ex. Wheat |
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Aquaculture
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Production of fish and water based food sources.
Ex. Commercial Fish Farms |
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Bio-revolution
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Biotechnology and the use of genetically modified food.
Ex. Genetically modified seeds |
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Desertification
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The transition of fertile land into desert lands.
Ex. Saharan Desert Region |
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Economic Activity
Primary Secondary Tertiary Quaternary |
Divisions economic activity, creation of wealth through production of goods and services.
Ex. Mining: Primary Activity |
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Subsistence Agriculture
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Producing only enough for yourself and family.
Ex. Early Family Farms |
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Slash and Burn Agriculture
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The burning of forest lands to clear for agricultural uses.
Ex. Brazil Deforestation |
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Extractive Industry
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An industry that extracts resources for use.
Ex. Mining |
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Genetically Modified Foods
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(GFM) Foods that are as result of new biotechnology and of artificial origin.
Ex. Genetically modified Tomatoes |
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Grain
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A primary food source.
Ex. Wheat |
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Ranching
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Production of Livestock.
Ex. Cattle Ranching |
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Intensive Subsistence - Wet Rice
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Rice produced in wet climates.
Ex. Sawah |
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Transhumance
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The migration of cattle from pasture to highlands.
Ex. Cattle transhumance in Argentina |
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Agrarian |
People or societies that are farmers therefore promote agricultural interest. Agribusiness. Commercial agriculture characterized by integration of different steps in the food-processing industry, usually thru ownership by large corporations. |
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Biofuels |
a fuel derived directly from living matter. |
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Cash Crops |
a crop produced for its commercial value rather than for use by the grower. |
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Chemical Farming |
artificial fertilizers and pesticides |
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Collective Farms |
an agricultural production unit including a number of farm households or villages working together under state control. |
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Enclosure Movement |
The process of consolidating small landholdings into smaller number of larger farms in England during the eighteenth century. |
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Extensive Agriculture |
Use many fields for crop growing each field is used for a couple of years then left fallow for a relatively long time. |
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Genetically Modified Organism (GMO) |
crops that carry new traits that have been inserted through advanced genetic engineering methods |
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Global Food Crisis |
A food crisis occurs when rates of hunger and malnutrition rise sharply at local, national, or global levels. |
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Hearths |
areas of settlement during the neolithic period, especially along major rivers, from where farming and cultivation of livestock eminates |
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Hunters and Gatherers |
Before the agriculture, humans gained food by hunting for animals, fishing, or gathering plants. They lived in small groups (less than 50 people) traveled frequently following game and seasonal growth of plants. |
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Intensive Agriculture |
any kind of agriculture activity that involves effective and efficient use of labor on small plots of land to maximize crop yield |
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Mechanization |
Farmers need tractors, irrigation pumps, and other machinery to make the most effective use of the new miracle seeds. Farmers in LDCs cannot afford this machinery or the fuel to run the equipment, so governments must allocate funds to subsidizing the cost of seeds, fertilizers and machinery. |
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Nutrition Transition |
the shift in dietary consumption and energy expenditure that coincides with economic, demographic, and epidemiological changes. |
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Pastoral Nomadism |
A form of subsistence agriculture based on herding domesticated animals (extensive - large amounts of land per food unit with less labor) |
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Rural Settlements: Nucleated |
individual villages/homes close together with small surrounding fields (Indonesia) |
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Salinization |
refers to a build up of salts in soil, eventually to toxic levels for plants. (3,000 - 6,000 ppm salt results in trouble for most cultivated plants.) Salt in soils decreases the osmotic potential of the soil so that plants can't take up water from it. |
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Township and Range Survey Pattern |
(U.S.A) surveys used west of Ohio, after the purchase of the Louisiana Purchase. Land is divided into six-mile square blocks (township), which is then divided into one-mile square blocks (range). Ranges were then broken into smaller parcels to be sold or given to people to develop. |
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Sustainable Agriculture |
Farming methods that preserve long-term productivity of land and minimize pollution, typically by rotating soil-restoring crops with cash crops and reducing inputs of fertilizer and pesticides |
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Suitcase Farming |
Individuals who live in urban areas a great distance from their land and drive to the country to care for their crops and livestock. This practice lends itself well to the growth of wheat. Allows families to continue their long relationships with the ancestral farm, but still enjoy the benefits of waged incomes in urban environments. |
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Truck Farming |
Commercial gardening and fruit farming, so named because truck was a Middle English word meaning bartering or the exchange of commodities. |
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Urban Agriculture |
the practice of cultivating, processing, and distributing food in or around a village, town, or city. Urban agriculture can also involve animal husbandry, aquaculture, agroforestry, urban beekeeping, and horticulture. |
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Undernourishment |
having insufficient food or other substances for good health and condition. |
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Vertical Integration |
the combination in one company of two or more stages of production normally operated by separate companies. |
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Von Thunen Model |
an agricultural model that spatially describes agricultural activities in terms of rent |
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Shifting Cultivation |
A form of subsistence agriculture in which people shift activity from one field to another; each field is used for crops for relatively few years and left fallow for a relatively long period. Common in Slash & Burn in the Rain Forest farming (Rain Forest common practice) |
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Intensive Substinence (Non Wet Rice) |
practice of planting rice on dry land in a nursery and then moving the seedlings to a flooded field to promote growth (most common in U.S.) |
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Mixed Crop and Livestock |
A type of farming where cows raised on a farm are fed with crops that are grown on the same farm. |
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Dairying |
The farming and sale/distribution of milk and milk products.-gets is calcium, allows for people to move to the city because there is a way of getting milk or milk products. |
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Mediterranean |
specialized farming that occurs only in areas where the dry summer Mediterranean climate prevails (grapes, olives, figs, citrus, fruits, dates, etc.) |
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Commercial Gardening |
Predominant type of farming in southeastern U.S. Commonly referred to as truck farming from the Middle English word, truck, meaning bartering. |
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Rural Settlements: Village Form |
a number of families live in close proximity to each other, with fields surrounding the collection of houses and farm buildings (Blake Dial) |
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Rural Settlements: Dispersed |
individual farmhouses are far apart (dispersed) due to extensive agriculture practices |