A&p Chapter 6

Front 1

The skeletal system has 6 important functions they are?

Back 1

Support, Protection, Assistance in movement, Mineral homeostasis, Blood cell production, and Triglyceride storage.

Front 2

The two major tissues of the Skeletal System are?

Back 2

Bone (osseous tissue) and cartilage.

Front 3

Bone is found in the body in what two different arrangements?

Back 3

Compact bone and Spongy bone

Front 4

Compact bone is good at providing?

Back 4

protection and support.

Front 5

Spongy bone is lightweight and
provides?

Back 5

tissue support

Front 6

Spongy forms much of the epiphysis and?

Back 6

the internal cavity of long bones.

Front 7

Bone is a highly _____ C.T. with a hard, mineralized extracellular matrix.

Back 7

vascularized

Front 8

Cartilage is a poorly _____ C.T. with a matrix composed of chondroitin sulfate and various fibers.

Back 8

vascularized

Front 9

Fiber types distinguish ____
cartilage from _____ or
____ cartilage.

Back 9

hyaline, fibrocartilage, or elastic.

Front 10

What cartilage is the thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering the epiphysis of long bones?

Back 10

Articular

Front 11

What cartilage is found where the bone forms an
articular (joint) surface (where one bone moves against another bone)?

Back 11

Articular

Front 12

What is a tough sheath of dense, irregular connective tissue on the outside of the bone?

Back 12

The periosteum

Front 13

The periosteum contains _____ that help the bone grow in thickness, but not in length.

Back 13

osteoblasts

Front 14

What assists with fracture repair and serves as an attachment point for tendons and ligaments?

Back 14

The periosteum

Front 15

What is a space within the diaphysis of long bones that contains fatty yellow bone marrow in adults?

Back 15

medullary cavity

Front 16

What is a membrane that
lines the medullary cavity?

Back 16

endosteum

Front 17

What is composed of
osteoclasts, osteoblasts, and
connective tissue?

Back 17

endosteum

Front 18

What is a dense irregular connective tissue membrane that surrounds cartilage?

Back 18

perichondrium

Front 19

What are cells that
form cartilage?

Back 19

Chondrocytes

Front 20

Four types of cells are present in bone tissue they are?

Back 20

Osteogenic, Osteoblast , Osteocytes , and Osteoclast.

Front 21

What are bone building cells? They synthesize and secrete collagen fibers and other organic components.

Back 21

Osteoblasts

Front 22

What are mature osteoblasts (maintenance).

Back 22

Osteocytes

Front 23

What are large bone breakdown cells and are derived from the fusion of 50 monocytes?

Back 23

Osteoclasts

Front 24

As white blood cells, osteoclasts migrated from the bone marrow to become ____ ____ in the substance of the bone.

Back 24

“fixed macrophages”

Front 25

Besides bone and cartilage, the skeletal system contains other important tissues. They are?

Back 25

Epithelium, Nerves, Red marrow, and Yellow marrow.

Front 26

Bone is ___% water, ____% organic proteins, ___% mineral salts (hydroxyapatite crystals).

Back 26

25, 25, and 50

Front 27

What fibers provide flexibility and tensile strength?

Back 27

Collagen (Organic constituents)

Front 28

The ____ in the arm is a typical long bone.

Back 28

humerus

Front 29

What is the shaft or
body of a long bone?

Back 29

diaphysis

Front 30

What forms the distal
and proximal ends of a
long bone?

Back 30

epiphyses

Front 31

What are the areas
where the epiphyses and
diaphysis join?

Back 31

metaphyses

Front 32

In adolescents, through the end of active growth, the epiphysis of the long bones contains hyaline cartilage and forms an?

Back 32

“epiphyseal growth plate”.

Front 33

The epiphyseal growth plate is always actively dividing and causing the bone to?

Back 33

elongate from each end.

Front 34

In adults, the epiphyseal cartilage is no longer present and elongation of bones has stopped.
The epiphyseal growth plate
becomes an ____ ____
as growing cartilage is
replaced by calcified bone.

Back 34

“epiphyseal line”,

Front 35

Interstitial lamellae
between osteons are left
over fragments of older?

Back 35

osteons

Front 36

What encircles the bone beneath the periosteum?

Back 36

Outer circumferential lamellae

Front 37

What encircles the medullary
cavity?

Back 37

Inner circumferential lamellae

Front 38

What are small spaces
between the lamellae which
house osteocytes?

Back 38

Lacunae

Front 39

What are small channels filled with extracellular fluid connecting the lacunae?

Back 39

Canaliculi

Front 40

Blood and lymphatic vessels
are found in the osteon’s?

Back 40

Central canal.

Front 41

What allows transit of
Blood and lymphatic vessels to the outer cortex of the bone?

Back 41

Perforating (Volkmann’s)canals

Front 42

Spongy bone lacks osteons. Instead, lamellae are arranged in a lattice of thin columns called?

Back 42

trabeculae.

Front 43

What spongy bone tissue supports and protects the red bone marrow and are oriented along lines of stress?

Back 43

Trabeculae

Front 44

Hematopoiesis (blood cell production) occurs in?

Back 44

spongy bone.

Front 45

Within each trabecula of spongy bone are?

Back 45

lacunae

Front 46

As in compact bone, lacunae contain osteocytes that nourish the mature bone tissue from the blood circulating through the?

Back 46

trabeculae.

Front 47

The interior of long bones is made up primarily of? This lessens overall bone weight.

Back 47

spongy bone.

Front 48

Bone is richly supplied with blood; ____ arteries and veins supply the periosteum and compact bone.

Back 48

Periosteal

Front 49

What is rich in sensory nerves and is sensitive to tearing or tension?

Back 49

The periosteum

Front 50

____ or ____ is the process of forming new bone.

Back 50

Ossification or osteogenesis

Front 51

Bone formation occurs in four situations. They are?

Back 51

Formation of bone in an embryo, Growth of bones until adulthood, Remodeling of bone, and Repair of fractures

Front 52

Osteogenesis occurs by two different methods, beginning about the 6th week of embryonic development. The two methods are?

Back 52

Intra-membranous ossification and Endochondral ossification

Front 53

What Osteogenesis method produces spongy bone?

Back 53

Intra-membranous ossification

Front 54

What Osteogenesis method forms both compact and spongy bone?

Back 54

Endochondral ossification

Front 55

What is a process whereby cartilage is replaced by bone?

Back 55

Endochondral ossification

Front 56

What Osteogenesis method is used in forming the flat bones of the skull, mandible, and clavicle?

Back 56

Intra-membranous ossification

Front 57

Bone forms from ____ cells that develop within a membrane – without going through a cartilage stage

Back 57

mesenchymal

Front 58

Intra-membranous ossification occurs in what four steps?

Back 58

Development of the ossification center, Calcification, Formation of Trabeculae, and development of the periosteum.

Front 59

Endochondral ossification occurs in what six steps?

Back 59

Development of the cartilage model, Growth of the cartilage model, Development of the medullary cavity, Development of the secondary ossification center, and formation of articular cartilage and the epiphyseal plate.

Front 60

Ossification contributing to bone length is usually complete by ___-___ years of age.

Back 60

18-21

Front 61

Bones can still continue to thicken and are capable of repair even after the ____ ____ plates have closed.

Back 61

epiphyseal growth

Front 62

The epiphyseal plate becomes the epiphyseal ____ when the bone matures.

Back 62

Line

Front 63

Mesenchyme (stem) bone cells mature into?

Back 63

Osteogenic bone cells

Front 64

Osteogenic bone cells mature into?

Back 64

Osteoblast bone cells (Building)

Front 65

Osteoblast bone cells mature into?

Back 65

Osteocytes (maintenance)

Front 66

What product is derived from the breaking down of bone by Osteoclast?

Back 66

Calcium

Front 67

Calcium is important for neural communication and?

Back 67

Muscle contraction, bone formation, neural communication

Front 68

Osteoblast and Osteoclast communicate with each other to provide what?

Back 68

Bone remodeling

Front 69

Human growth hormone is one of the body’s many anabolic hormones. Among other things, its secretion will stimulate bone growth, muscle growth, loss of fat, and?

Back 69

increased glucose output in the liver.

Front 70

In bone remodeling, do Osteoblast reduce or increase the amount of calcium in the blood?

Back 70

Reduce

Front 71

In bone remodeling, is calcitonin associated with Osteoblast or Osteoclast?

Back 71

Osteoblast

Front 72

In bone remodeling, is the increase of calcium is associated with Osteoblast or Osteoclast?

Back 72

Osteoclast

Front 73

In bone remodeling, the Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is associated with Osteoblast or Osteoclast?

Back 73

Osteoclast

Front 74

Vitamin A stimulates activity of?

Back 74

osteoblasts.

Front 75

Vitamin C is needed for synthesis of?

Back 75

collagen

Front 76

What vitamin is essential to healthy bones because it promotes the absorption of calcium from foods in the gastrointestinal tract into the blood?

Back 76

Vitamin D

Front 77

Vitamins K and B12 are needed for synthesis of?

Back 77

bone proteins.

Front 78

What are key contributors to normal bone metabolism?

Back 78

Hormones

Front 79

During childhood, the hormones most important to bone growth are ___ and growth factors called?

Back 79

human growth hormone (hGH),
IGFs (produced by the liver).

Front 80

Thyroid hormones and ____ also promote bone growth by stimulating osteoblasts and protein synthesis.

Back 80

insulin

Front 81

The sex hormones ____ and ____ cause a dramatic effect on bone growth, such as the sudden “growth spurt” that occurs during the teenage years.

Back 81

(estrogen and testosterone)

Front 82

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) and ____ are critical for balancing the levels of calcium and phosphorus between blood and bone.

Back 82

calcitonin

Front 83

Vitamin D is needed for absorption of the Ca2+ (Calicum) and ____ ions from the small intestine, and reabsorption of those same ions in the kidneys.

Back 83

(Phosphate) PO4–

Front 84

What kind of fracture occurs when one side of the bone breaks and the other side bends?

Back 84

Greenstick

Front 85

What kind of fracture occurs when one end of the fractured bone is forcefully driven into the interior of the other?

Back 85

Impacted

Front 86

What kind of fracture occurs when the bone is splintered, crushed, or broken into pieces at the site of impact, and smaller bone fragments lie between the two main fragments?

Back 86

Comminuted

Front 87

What kind of fracture occurs when the broken ends of the bone protrude through the skin ?

Back 87

Open (Compound)

Front 88

What kind of fracture occurs when the broken ends of the bone do not break the skin?

Back 88

Closed (Simple)

Front 89

What kind of fracture occurs in the distal end of the lateral leg bone (fibula), with serious injury of the distal tibial articulation?

Back 89

Pott

Front 90

What kind of fracture occurs when the distal end of the lateral forearm bone (radius) in which the distal fragment is displaced posteriorly?

Back 90

Colles’

Front 91

A Pathological fracture is caused from?

Back 91

Usually from a cancerous process or severe chronic disease

Front 92

A compression fracture is caused by?

Back 92

produced by extreme forces such as in trauma

Front 93

Stress fracture is produced from?

Back 93

Repeated strenuous activities such as running

Front 94

Once a bone is fractured, repair proceeds in a predictable pattern. The first step, which occurs 6-8 hours after injury, is the formation of a?

Back 94

fracture hematoma as a result of blood vessels breaking in
the periosteum and in osteons.

Front 95

The second and third steps of bone repair involve the formation of a?

Back 95

Bone callus (takes a few weeks, to as many as six months).

Front 96

The fourth step of bone repair is?

Back 96

Bone remodeling.

Front 97

A decrease in bone mass occurs as the level of sex hormones diminishes during what age?

Back 97

middle age (especially in women after menopause).

Front 98

There are two principal effects of aging on bone tissue. They are?

Back 98

Loss of bone mass, and Brittleness

Front 99

Osteoporosis is a condition where bone resorption outpaces?

Back 99

Bone deposition, Often due to depletion of calcium from the body or inadequate intake

Front 100

Starting from the diaphysis and proceeding to the epiphysis list the zones of interstitial growth.

Back 100

Calcified Cartlidge, Hypertrophic Cartlidge, Proliferating Cartlidge and Resting Cartlidge.