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132 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
spinal nerves |
31 pairs connected to the spinal cord |
|
cervical nerve pairs |
8 |
|
thoracic nerve pairs |
12 |
|
lumbar nerve pairs |
5 |
|
sacral nerve pairs |
5 |
|
coccygeal nerve pairs |
1 |
|
cervical plexus |
located deep in the neck |
|
phrenic nerve |
exits the cervical plexus and innervates the diaphragm |
|
bronchial plexus |
located deep in the shoulder, innervates shoulder and entire arm |
|
lumbar plexus |
located lumbar region of the back neck psoas muscle |
|
sacreal plexus |
located pelvic cavity on the surface of piriformis muscle |
|
coccygeal plexus |
joins with the coccygeal nerve |
|
dermatome |
supplied by afferent sensory fibers |
|
myotome |
supplied by efferent motor fibers |
|
cranial nerves |
12 pairs, connect to the under surface of the brain mainly the brainstem |
|
cranial nerves are made of |
mixed cranial nerves, sensory cranial nerve, motor cranial nerve |
|
vagus nerve (CNx) |
composed of sensory and motor nerves |
|
sensory fibers in the vagus nerve supply |
pharynx, larynx, trachea, heart, carotoid body, lungs, bronchi, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and gallbladder |
|
autonomic nervous system (ANS) |
has afferent sensory nerves and efferent motor nerves |
|
ANS function |
regulate heartbeat, smooth muscle contractions, glandular secretions, and metabolic functions Maintains homeostasis |
|
ANS Controls |
internal body processes such as blood pressure, heart rate, body temp, digestion, urination, sexual responses, production of body fluids (tears, saliva, sweat) |
|
the 2 efferent divisions |
sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions |
|
sympathetic division |
fight or flight |
|
parasympathetic division |
rest and relax |
|
neurotransmitters in the ANS |
2 chemical messengers acetylcholine and norepinephrine |
|
acetylcholine |
slows heart rate, promotes digestion and elimination Parasympathetic |
|
norepinephrine |
increase heart rate and blood pressure, triggers release of glucose sympathetic |
|
ANS disorders |
diabetes, peripheal nerve disorders, parkinsons |
|
sense organs (sensory receptors) |
enable the body to respond to stimuli |
|
2 categories of sense organs |
general and special |
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receptor response |
receptors respond to stimuli by converting them to nerve impulses |
|
receptor potential |
potential developes in receptor membranes when an adequate stimulus acts on the receptor |
|
impulse (action potential) |
travel over sensory pathways to the brain and spinal cord |
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adaptation |
decrease in receptor potential over time in response to a continuous stimulus |
|
special receptors |
in localized areas for special senses like smell, taste, vision, and hearing |
|
general sense organs or somatic senses |
microscopic receptors widely distributed throughout the body |
|
exteroceptors location |
on or near the body surface detect pressure, pain, temp |
|
exteroceptors also called |
cutaneous receptors |
|
visceroceptors location |
internally often within the bodys organs viscera provide body with info about internal environment |
|
visceroceptors also called |
interoceptors |
|
propriceptors |
special type of visceroceptors provide info on body movement |
|
propriceptors location |
limited to skeletal muscle, joint capsules and tendons |
|
mechanoreceptors |
activated when deformed to generate receptor potential |
|
chemoreceptors |
activated by chemicals, taste, and smell |
|
thermoreceptors |
activated by temp changes |
|
nociceptors |
pain |
|
photoreceptors |
found only in the eyes |
|
osmoreceptors |
concentration of electrolytes in extracellular fluids |
|
olfactory sense organs consist of |
epithelial support cells and olfactory sensory neurons |
|
olfactory cells |
chemoreceptors, gas molecules, or chemicals dissolved in the mucus covering the nasal epithelium to stimulate the olfactory cells. |
|
olfactory cilia |
hair like receptors |
|
olfactory epithelium |
located in the superior portion of the nasal cavity |
|
olfactory receptors |
extremely sensative and easily fatigued |
|
anosmia |
complete lack of smell |
|
olfactory pathways |
impulses pass through the olfactory tract into the olfactory centers of the brain for interpretation, integration, and memory storage |
|
taste buds |
sense organs that respond to gustatory or taste stimuli |
|
types of papillae |
fungiform, circumvallate, foliate, filiform |
|
fungiform |
large mushroom shaped on the anterior 2/3 of the tongue |
|
circumvallate |
huge dome shaped, form a transverse row near back of the tongue |
|
foliate |
red, leaf like ridges on lateral edges of the posteriortongue surface |
|
filiform |
bumps with tiny, thread like projections, scattered among the fungiform. No taste buds, lets us experience food texture |
|
gustatory cells |
sensory cells in the taste buds |
|
5 primary taste sensations |
sour, sweet, bitter, umami, and salty |
|
nerve impulses from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue traveled by |
facial nerve |
|
nerve impulses from the posterior 1/2 of tongue travel by |
glossopharyngeal nerve |
|
nerve impulses go |
to medulla oblongatta, relayed to the thalamus then relayed into the gustatory area of the cerebral cortex |
|
external ear |
2 divisions- Auricle or Pinna External Acoustic Meatus |
|
Auricle |
visible portion of the ear |
|
external acoustic meatus |
tube leading from the auricle (hole) into the temporal lobe |
|
middle ear |
3 auditory bones- Malleus Incus Stapes |
|
opening into the middle ear |
from external acoustic meatus, oval window(stapes fit), round window(covered by membrane), opening into auditory tube |
|
inner ear structure |
bony labyrinth, membranous labyrinth, cochlea, endolymph, perilymph |
|
bony labyrinth |
made up of the vestibule, cochlea and semicircular canals |
|
sound is created by |
vibrations |
|
the ability to hear sounds depends on |
volume, pitch, and other acoustic properties |
|
sound waves must be of the sufficient amplitude to |
move the lympanic membrane |
|
the greater the movement |
the louder the sound |
|
external structures of the eye |
eyebrows, eye lashes, and eye lids |
|
eyebrows, and eye lashes |
serve a cosmetic purpose, give some protection from objects entering the eye |
|
eye lids are lined with |
conjunctiva, a mucous membrane |
|
palpebral fissure |
opening between the eyelids |
|
lateral angle or canthus |
formed where upper and lower eye lids join |
|
lacrimal apparatus |
lacrimal glands, lacrimal canals, lacrimal sacs, nasolacrimal ducts |
|
lacrimal glands |
size and shape of a small almond |
|
lacrimal canals |
small channels that empty into lacrimal sacs |
|
lacrimal sacs |
located in the lacrimal bone |
|
lacrimal ducts |
small tubes that extend from the lacrimal sacs into the inferior meatus of the nose |
|
extrinsic eye muscles |
outside of eye and helps it move |
|
intrinsic eye muscle |
help it function as it should |
|
iris |
regulate the size of the pupil |
|
ciliary muscles |
control shape of lens |
|
layers of the eyeball |
3 layers- outer, innner, and middle |
|
outer coat |
fibrous layer scelra- white fibrous layer cornea-transparent anterior portion that lies over the iris |
|
middle coat of the eyeball |
vascular layer contains: choroid, ciliary muscles, ciliary body, ciliary processes, suspensory ligaments, iris |
|
inner coat of the eye ball |
retina |
|
optic nerve |
goes from brain to eyeball |
|
anterior cavity |
in front of lens |
|
posterior cavity |
behind the lens, filled with vitreous humor |
|
aqueous humor |
watery liquid that leaks from eye when injured, give eye ball his shape |
|
vitreous body (humor) |
maintains intraocular pressure |
|
refraction |
the deflection, or bending of light rays |
|
accommodation for near vision |
increase curvature of lens, constrict pupils, convergence of both eyes |
|
contraction of ciliary muscle, reduce tension |
lens bulge to see near |
|
relax of ciliary muscle, increase tension |
lens flattens to see distant |
|
photopupil reflex |
pupil constricts in bright light |
|
convergence of eyes |
the closer the object the closer the degree of convergence |
|
strabimus |
abnormal convergence |
|
rhodopsin |
only photo pigment found in rods, vision at low light levels, highly light sensitive |
|
rods |
black and white vision |
|
cons |
color vision, less light sensitive |
|
disorders of the ear |
otosclerosis (impairs conduction, inherited bone disorder) otitis (inflammation of the ear) |
|
disorders of the eye |
refraction disorders disorders of the retina disorders of the visual pathway |
|
endocrine system also called |
neuroendrine system |
|
endocrine system function |
communication, integration, and control |
|
endocrine system secretes |
hormones (they are made and sent out as needed) |
|
endocrine glands |
ductless glands |
|
tropic hormones |
stimulate growth and secretion |
|
sex hormones |
target reproductive tissues |
|
anabolic hormone |
stimulate anabolism in target cells |
|
steroid hormones |
manufactured by endocrine cells from cholestrol |
|
non-steroid hormones |
synthesized from amino acids |
|
steroid |
synthesized from cholestrol, lipid soluble, found in target cells Example: cortisol, aldosterone, estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone |
|
non steroid |
synthesized from amino acids Example: protein hormone, glycoprotein hormone, peptide hormone |
|
lock and key mechanism |
different hormone receptors interact differently with different cells |
|
combined hormone actions |
synergism permissiveness antagonist |
|
synergism |
hormones work together on a target cell |
|
permissiveness |
one hormone allows another hormone to work on a cell |
|
antagonist |
hormones produce opposite effects |
|
up-regulation |
increased number of receptors as time goes on |
|
down-regulation |
decreased number of receptors as time goes on |
|
hypersecretion |
hyperthyroidism, hyperpituitarism, autoimmunity |
|
hyposecretion |
anabolic steroids |