A&p Ch. 21 - Blood Vessels

Front 1

Arteries

Back 1

*carry O2 rich blood away from the heart
(exc. pulmonary arteries, which are oxygen poor)

* stiff walls keep shape

*classified as elastic, muscular, arterioles

*able to vasoconstrict/ vasodialate

Front 2

Capillaries

Back 2

*thin walls made of endothelial cells and basement membrane (no tunica media or tunica externa)
*site of nutrient & gas exchange

*tissues with higher metabolic activity have more capillaries (ex. muscles)

Front 3

Veins

Back 3

*carry blood back to heart for pulmonary flow

*oxygen poor blood

*stretchy walls expand when blood enters

*classified as venules, small veins, medium large veins

Front 4

Types of capillaries

Back 4

Continuous (no holes, opening in walls, most typical throughout the body)

Fenestrated (cell membrane has pinholes for filtration, found in kidney, intestine, choroid plexus)

Sinusoidal (large opening between cells so blood cells can squeeze out; found in liver spleen, red marrow)

Front 5

Tunica Interna

Back 5

endothelium that lines the inside of all vessels

veins: form valves to promote 1 directional blood flow

Front 6

Tunica Media

Back 6

middle layer, contains muscle

arteries: this layer is thick aiding in vasoconstriction and vasodialation

Front 7

Tunica Externa

Back 7

outer connective tissue layer

Front 8

3 ways substances move b/t tissue cells and capillaries

Back 8

1. diffusion

2. trancytosis

3. bulk flow

Front 9

What is filtration? Name 2 types.

Back 9

def: movement of fluid from blood into interstitial fluid at the arterial end

Blood Hydrostatic Pressure (BHP)- filtration

* pressure capillary wall feels from vol of water in the blood

Interstitial fluid Osmotic Pressure (IFOP)- filtration

*pressure of proteins which are briefly in the IF creating a pulling force which draws fluid into the capillaries.

Front 10

What is reabsorption? Name 2 types.

Back 10

def: movement of fluid from interstitial fluid to blood at the venule end

Blood Colloid Osmotic Pressure (BCOP)- reabsorption

*solutes in blood draw things toward them into the blood stream

Interstitial Fluid Hydrostatic Pressure (IFHP)- reabsorption

Front 11

Edema

Back 11

Happens when filtration exceeds re-absorption. Excess fluid ends up in the interstitial space.

Can be caused by liver disease, burns,

malnutrition and kidney disease.

Front 12

Vericose veins

Back 12

Result of malfunctioned or damaged valves.

Vericose veins in the anal canal are called hemorrhoids.

Front 13

Blood pressure

Back 13

BP = systolic / diastolic (healthy BP 110/70)

contraction / relaxation

Front 14

Mean Arterial Pressure

Back 14

average pressure in the arteries
(can't measure BP in veins)

MAP = CO x Resistance

CO = total vol. of blood being pumped per min.

(CO=SRxHR)

Front 15

Resistance is dependent on 3 factors:

Back 15

1. diameter of blood vessel smaller = more resistant

2. length longer = more resistant (ex. obese=more angiogenesis)

3. viscosity high viscosity=high resistance

Front 16

Factors aiding in venous return

Back 16

skeletal pump & respiratory pump

Front 17

What is syncope?

What are some causes?

Back 17

def: fainting due to lack of blood flow to the brain.

vasodepressor (emotional stress)

situational (pressure stress from urination, defecation or severe coughing)

orthostatic hypotension (standing up too fast lowers blood pressure)

Front 18

sensory receptors for CV center

Back 18

proprioceptors - movement of bones, muscles, limbs

baroreceptors - measure change in BP

chemoreceptors - monitor concentrations of substances in food (ex. caffeine inc. HR)

Front 19

cardiac accelerator nerve

Back 19

Increased signals result in increased heart rate.

Front 20

vagus nerve

Back 20

increased signals act to decrease heart rate.

Front 21

Antidiuretic Hormone

ADH

Back 21

* helps retain H2O

* vasoconstrictor

* made by pituitary gland

* made to help resolve low BP

Front 22

Angiotension II

Back 22

* turns on adrenal production of aldesterone

* vasoconstrictor

* part of RAA path

* made if low BP

Front 23

Aldosterone

Back 23

* helps retain NA+

* stimulates thirst

* made by adrenal glands

* made if low BP

Front 24

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide

ANP

Back 24

* stimulates NA+ loss

* vasodialation

* made by atrial cells

* made if high BP

Front 25

Nitric Oxide

NO

Back 25

* vasodialator

* made when high BP

Front 26

Epinepherine & Norepinephrine (fight or flight)

Back 26

* vasoconstrict urinary system

* vasodialates skeletal system

Front 27

Physical control of BP

Back 27

temperature:

- hot= vasodilator

- cold= vasoconstrictor

chemical:

- vasodilators: NO, H+, K+, histamine

- vasoconstrictor: thromboxane, seratonin