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43 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
# of cervical vertebrae
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7
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# of thoracic vertebrae
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12
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# of lumbar vertebrae
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5
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# of sacral vertebrae
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5 (fused)
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# of coccygeal vertebrae
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4 (fused)
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# of pairs of cervical spinal nerves
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8
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# of pairs of sacral spinal nerves
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5
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# of pairs of coccygeal spinal nerves
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1
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Dorsal ramus innervates...
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true back muscles, synovial joints of vertebral column, overlying skin
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Ventral ramus innervates...
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upper & lower extremities and anterior/lateral body wall
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Primary curvatures of the spine
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thoracic, sacral/coccygeal
- develop in same direction as fetal vertebral column - arise due to differences in height of anterior vs. posterior portion of vertebrae |
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Secondary curvatures of spine
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- become obvious during infancy
- cervical arises when infants begin to hold head erect - lumbar arises when infants begin to walk - opposite direction of fetal vertebral column - difference in height of anterior vs. posterior portion of intervertebral discs |
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Purpose of articular processes
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restrict movement, stabilize the column, prevent slippage of adjacent vertebrae
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Purpose of intervetebral foramen
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allow passage and protection for the spinal nerve and accompanying vessel
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Most important joints of the vertebral column are:
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- joints of the vertebral bodies (IV discs)
- joints of the vertebral arches (zygapophysial joints or facet joints) |
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Intervertebral discs
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- cartilaginous joints designed for weight bearing and strength
- interposed between bodies of adjacent vertebrae - provide strong attachment between vertebral bodies |
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Anulus fibrosus
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-outer portion of IV disc composed of concentric layers of fibrocartilage that adheres to the vertebral bodies
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Nucleus pulposus
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a gelatinous central mass that acts like a miniature shock absorber
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Zygapophysial (facet) joints
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- plane-type synovial joints between superior and inferior articular processes of adjacent vertebrae
- permit gliding between adjacent vertebrae - commonly become arthritic -> back pain |
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Range of motion of spine limited by...
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1. tension of joint capsule around zygapophysial joint
2. compressibility, elasticity, thickness of IV discs 3. resistance of surrounding muscles and ligaments 4. shape and orientation of zygapophysial joints |
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Flexion and extension of spinal column occur in what regions?
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cervical & lumbar
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Lateral bending of spinal column occurs in what regions?
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cervical & lumbar
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Rotation or torsion of spinal column occurs in what regions?
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cervical & thoracic
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Anterior longitudinal ligament
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unites anterior surfaces of the vertebral bodies
- helps to prevent hyperextension |
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Posterior longitudinal ligament
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unites posterior surfaces of vertebral bodies
- located inside vertebral canal |
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Supraspinous ligament
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connects spinous processes from sacrum to C7
- expands into ligamentum nuchae in cervical region |
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Ligamentum nuchae
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broad strong ligament of neck that provides attachment for cervical muscles
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Interspinous ligament
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adjoin adjacent spinous processes
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Ligamentum flavum
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yellow, elastic fibers adjoin adjacent lamina of vertebrae
- help prevent hyperflexion of vertebral column |
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Spinal cord extends....
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from base of skull to about L2 vertebral level in an adult
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Dural sac
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surrounds spinal cord and extends to S2 vertebral level
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2 spinal cord enlargements
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1. Cervical enlargement - innervates upper limbs
2. Lumbosacral enlargement - innervates lower limbs |
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Recurrent meningeal nerves
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- small nerves that arise directly from spinal nerves
- innervate dura mater |
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Denticulate ligaments
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lateral extension of pia mater between dorsal and ventral roots which help to anchor cord laterally
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Internal venous plexus
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drains blood from veins on surface of spinal cord and vertebral bodies via large basivertebral vein
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CSF is in what space around spinal cord?
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Subarachnoid space
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2 main arterial groups of the spinal cord:
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1. Vertebral artery
2. Intercostal arteries |
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Longitudinal vessels of spinal cord consist of:
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- anterior spinal artery (arises from vertebral artery) and passes inferiorly along surface of cord
- 2 posterior spinal arteries that descend along posterolateral surface of cord |
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Posterior intercostal arteries give rise to....
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small spinal arteries that enter each intervertebral foramen
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After entering IV foramen, spinal arteries give off...
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radicular arteries that follow and perfuse dorsal/ventral roots
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Segmental medullary arteries
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large spinal arteries that merge with and reinforce longitudinal spinal arteries
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Great anterior segmental artery ("artery of Adamkiewicz")
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largest segmental medullary artery
- generally arises from lower intercostal and reinforces circulation to inferior 2/3 of cord |
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95% of lumbar disc herniations occur at what level?
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L4/L5 or L5/S1
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